Term
|
Definition
| The study of endocrine glands/tissue, the hormones they release, and their effects on target tissues |
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Term
| Hormones are carried via... |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-body metabolism
-growth
-reproduction |
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Term
| major hormones released by the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| Releasing and inhibiting hormones |
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Term
| primary target organ of the Releasing and inhibiting hormones released by the hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| primary effects of the Releasing and inhibiting hormones released by the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| Regulates secretion of anterior pituitary hormones |
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Term
| major hormones released by the pituitary gland, anterior lobe |
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Definition
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Term
| major target organs of the Trophic hormones released by the pituitary gland, anterior lobe |
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Definition
| Endocrine glands and other organs |
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Term
| primary effects of the Trophic hormones released by the pituitary gland, anterior lobe |
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Definition
| Stimulates growth and development of target organs; stimulates secretion of other hormones |
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Term
| major hormones released by the pituitary gland, posterior lobe |
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Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin |
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Term
| primary target organs of the Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin released by the pituitary gland, posterior lobe |
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Definition
| Kidneys and blood vessels Uterus and mammary glands |
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Term
| primary effects of the Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin released by the pituitary gland, posterior lobe |
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Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone promotes water retention and vasoconstriction; oxytocin stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary secretory units, promoting milk ejection |
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Term
| major hormones released by the thyroid gland |
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Definition
| Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); calcitonin |
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Term
| primary target organs of the Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin |
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Definition
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Term
| primary effects of the Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin |
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Definition
| Thyroxine and triiodothyronine promote growth and development and stimulate basal rate of cell respiration (basal metabolic rate or BMR); calcitonin may participate in the regulation of blood Ca2+ levels |
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Term
| components of the adrenal glands |
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Definition
-adrenal cortex
-adrenal medulla |
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Term
| major hormones released by the adrenal cortex |
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Definition
| Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) |
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Term
| primary target organs of the Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) and Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) released by the adrenal cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| primary effects of the Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) and Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) released by the adrenal cortex |
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Definition
| Glucocorticoids influence glucose metabolism; mineralocorticoids promote Na+ retention, K+ excretion |
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Term
| major hormones released by the adrenal medulla |
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Definition
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Term
| major target organs of the Epinephrine released by the adrenal medulla |
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Definition
-Heart
-bronchioles
-blood vessels |
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Term
| primary effects of the Epinephrine released by the adrenal medulla |
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Definition
| Causes adrenergic stimulation |
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Term
| major hormones released by the pancreas |
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Definition
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Term
| primary target organs of the insulin and glucagon released by the pancreas |
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Definition
-Liver
-skeletal muscle
-adipose tissue |
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Term
| primary effects of the insulin and glucagon released by the pancreas |
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Definition
| Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose and formation of glycogen and fat; glucagon stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen and fat |
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Term
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Definition
| Inactive hormone precursor molecules (prohormones & prehormones (a.k.a. preprohormones)) |
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Term
| prohormones & prehormones (a.k.a. preprohormones) |
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Definition
Inactive hormone precursor molecules
prehormone/preprohormones --> prohormones --> hormones |
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Term
| The nervous & endocrine systems overlap in terms of... |
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Definition
| chemical transmitters and receptor proteins |
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Term
| most target tissues are regulated by how many hormones? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the downstream effects hormones have on target tissues |
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Definition
-mostly antagonistic
-can be complementary |
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Term
| the response of the target tissue can change as a function of... |
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Definition
| the circulating concentrations of hormones in the blood supply |
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Term
| when you tend to see sensitization or upregulation of the response of the target tissue |
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Definition
| when the hormone is changing within the physiological range |
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Term
| when you tend to see desensitization or down regulation of the target tissue |
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Definition
| when you have pharmacological ranges, or toxic ranges, of circulating hormones, or perhaps the presence of synthetic hormones or hormone mimetics |
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Term
| 2 ways to classify hormones |
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Definition
-chemical structures
-physical properties |
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Term
| groups of hormones based on chemical structure |
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Definition
-amino acid derivatives
-peptides and proteins
-steroids |
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Term
| groups of hormones based on physical properties |
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Definition
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Term
| some hormones that are amino acids or derivatives of amino acids |
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Definition
-Epinephrine & norepinephrine (adrenal medulla)
-Thyroid hormones
-Melatonin (pineal gland) |
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Term
| some hormones that are peptides and proteins |
|
Definition
-Hypothalamic & pituitary hormones
-Insulin & glucagon (pancreas)
-Parathyroid hormone |
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Term
| some hormones that are steroids |
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Definition
-Corticosteroids (adrenal cortex)
-Sex steroids (gonads) |
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Term
| most of our hormones fit into this chemical structure group of hormones |
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Definition
|
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Term
| steroids are derived from... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what makes the big difference in terms of what type of receptor the hormone will interact with at target tissues? |
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Definition
| whether the hormone is hydrophilic or hydrophobic |
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Term
| 2 groups of hormones based on physical properties |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrophilic hormones interact with... |
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Definition
| cell-surface receptors at target tissues |
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Term
| Hydrophobic (or lipophilic) hormones interact with... |
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Definition
| intracellular receptors at target tissues |
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Term
| some hormones that are hydrophilic |
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Definition
-All peptide & protein hormones
-Epinephrine & norepinephrine |
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|
Term
| some hormones that are hydrophilic |
|
Definition
-Steroid hormones
-Thyroid hormones |
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Term
| the vast majority of hormones are hydrophilic or hydrophobic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the different types of cellular receptors hormones interact with |
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Definition
-enzyme-linked
-GPCRs
-intracellular |
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Term
| how enzyme-linked receptors react to hormones |
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Definition
| they act through intracellular 2nd messengers (cAMP, Ca2+, kinases) |
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Term
| some hormones that interact with enzyme-linked receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| how GPCRs react to hormones |
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Definition
| they act through intracellular 2nd messengers (cAMP, Ca2+, kinases) |
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Term
| some hormones that interact with GPCRs |
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Definition
-Epinephrine
-norepinephrine |
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Term
| how intracellular receptors react to hormones |
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Definition
| they act as transcription factors in the nucleus |
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|
Term
| some hormones that interact with intracellular receptors |
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Definition
-Steroids
-thyroid hormones |
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|
Term
| the types of receptors hormones interact with and what those receptors look like |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the pancreas is not under the control of the... |
|
Definition
| hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) |
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Term
| hormones released by the pancreas |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the endocrine portion of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the endocrine portion of the pancreas |
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Term
| 2 types of endocrine cells in the pancreas |
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Definition
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|
Term
| alpha-cells in the pancreas |
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Definition
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|
Term
| beta-cells in the pancreas |
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Definition
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Term
| Changes in ______ influence secretion of pancreatic hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| Pancreatic hormones regulate... |
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Definition
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Term
| Pancreatic hormones influence... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how insulin influences cell metabolism |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how glucagon influences cell metabolism |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| target tissues of the insulin and glucagon released by the pancreas |
|
Definition
-liver
-skeletal muscle
-adipocytes |
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Term
| depiction of alpha and beta cells in the pancreas |
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Definition
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|
Term
| comparison of Anabolism vs. Catabolism |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
promote the creation of larger molecules
consumes energy |
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Term
|
Definition
breakdown of larger molecules into smaller byproducts
releases energy |
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Term
| the effect of glucagon on the liver |
|
Definition
| breakdown of glycogen such that free glucose is released into the bloodstream |
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Term
| depiction of how the pancreas responds to changes in glucose levels |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 processes that are activated by glucagon |
|
Definition
-glycogenolysis
-gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| the structure of insulin from preprohormone to active hormone |
|
Definition
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Term
| the most prevalent type of enzyme-linked cell surface receptor |
|
Definition
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)
[image] |
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|
Term
| The insulin receptor is this kind of receptor |
|
Definition
a Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| they attach phosphate groups to tyrosine residues within proteins |
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|
Term
| what phosphorylates the activated insulin receptor? |
|
Definition
| the activated insulin receptor phosphorylates itself |
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Term
| depiction of how the insulin receptor gets activated |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what activates the kinase activity of the intracellular side of the insulin receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how insulin stimulates the uptake of blood glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of insulin on liver and muscle |
|
Definition
| Increases glycogen synthesis (glucose --> glycogen) |
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|
Term
| effect of insulin on adipocytes (fat) |
|
Definition
| Increases fat stores (glucose --> triglycerides) |
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Term
|
Definition
insulin-dependent glucose uniporter found only in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and fat cells
[image] |
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|
Term
| metabolic effect of insulin |
|
Definition
as glucose enters the cell, enzymes that make glycogen are activated
Increases glycogen synthesis (glucose --> glycogen) in liver & muscle
Increases fat stores in adipocytes (glucose --> triglycerides) |
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Term
|
Definition
| insulin-independent glucose transporter found on hepatocytes that moves glucose into the cells when blood glucose is high and out of the cells when blood glucose is low |
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Term
| When blood glucose increases, >95% of blood glucose is taken up by... |
|
Definition
| muscle & fat tissues (~90/10 muscle/fat) |
|
|
Term
| Major effect of insulin at the liver |
|
Definition
| to decrease gluconeogenesis & increase glycogen synthesis |
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Term
| Major effect of glucagon is at the liver |
|
Definition
| to increase glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis |
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|
Term
| Exercise increases ______ levels and decreases ______ levels, probably due to... |
|
Definition
glucagon
insulin
lowered blood glucose levels |
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Term
| of the glucose that gets taken up by muscle and fat tissue, how much goes to muscle and how much goes to fat? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| hormones released by the hypothalamus that communicate with the pituitary gland |
|
Definition
-Releasing hormones
-Inhibiting hormones |
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Term
| hormones released from the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
-GH
-TSH
-ACTH
-FSH
-LH
-prolactin |
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Term
| hormones released from the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the "master controller" of most of our endocrine systems |
|
Definition
| the Hypothalamus/Pituitary Axis (HPA) |
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|
Term
| the Hypothalamus/Pituitary Axis (HPA) is responsible for the integration of the... |
|
Definition
| neuro and endocrine systems |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior lobe of pituitary gland aka... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Posterior lobe of pituitary gland aka... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the hypothalamus regulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the hypothalamus regulates the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) |
|
Definition
neurologically
-this is actually a neural extension of the hypothalamus |
|
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Term
| depiction of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the anatomical and functional details of hypothalamic control of the posterior and anterior pituitary glands |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how the hypothalamus makes the posterior pituitary release ADH and oxytocin into the bloodstream |
|
Definition
-neurologically
-each nucleus from the hypothalamus is used for one hormone or the other, not both
-the nerve terminals send the hormone into the blood stream
[image] |
|
|
Term
| how the hypothalamus makes the anterior pituitary release anterior pituitary hormones into the bloodstream |
|
Definition
-neurologically within the hypothalamus
-portal venules carry hormones into the anterior pituitary
-these hormones regulate release of pituitary hormones into the secondary capillaries |
|
|
Term
| how the signal gets from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| Supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus produce two hormones which are transported down the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary |
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|
Term
| how hormones from the posterior pituitary are released into the blood |
|
Definition
| When hypothalamic neurons are stimulated, their nerve endings in the posterior pituitary release these hormones into the general circulation |
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Term
|
Definition
-Uterine contractions during labor
-Contraction of mammary glands during lactation |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effects of ADH aka vasopressin |
|
Definition
| Water reabsorption by the kidneys |
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|
Term
| depiction of how ADH is involved in thirst and drinking |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 2 hormones you need to know that are released from the hypothalamus to control the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
-corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
-thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) |
|
|
Term
| structure of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
|
Term
| structure of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
|
Term
| details for how the hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
-Various releasing and inhibiting hormones are produced in the hypothalamus
-Hypothalamic nerve endings secrete these hormones into a capillary/venule system known as the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
-These hormones regulate the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones; these pituitary hormones then travel through the bloodstream to effector organs, including other endocrine glands |
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|
Term
| the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system |
|
Definition
| the capillary-venule system that hypothalamic nerve endings secrete hormones into |
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Term
|
Definition
| causes the adrenal cortex to release certain steroid hormones, such as glucocorticoids |
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|
Term
| one type of steroid hormone released by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes thyroid to release thyroid hormones, such as T3 and T4 or throxine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
suffix “-tropin”
-they have an endocrine role where they're going to cause some sort of endocrine function to happen, perhaps the release of another hormone that will go do its job
-these hormones also have a nutritive function, that is, growth effect for those target tissues |
|
|
Term
| Negative feedback-inhibition |
|
Definition
| a common theme in target gland-mediated regulation of the anterior pituitary and/or hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Higher brain centers can influence activity of ______, thus influencing... |
|
Definition
hypothalamic nuclei
downstream endocrine systems |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
Definition
| promotes production & secretion of T3 & T4 in the thyroid |
|
|
Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
Definition
| promotes secretion of glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex |
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|
Term
| the 2 components of the adrenal glands |
|
Definition
-adrenal medulla
-adrenal cortex |
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|
Term
| hormones released by the adrenal medulla |
|
Definition
-Epinephrine
-Norepinephrine |
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|
Term
| hormones released by the adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
-Glucocorticoids
-Mineralocorticoids
-Sex steroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine into the blood
-Stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Secretes corticosteroids, or steroid hormones, into the blood
-Arranged into three layers, or zones
+Zona glomerulosa --> mineralocorticoids
+Zona fasciculata & zona reticularis --> glucocorticoids & sex steroids |
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|
Term
| the three layers, or zones, of the adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
-Zona glomerulosa --> mineralocorticoids
-Zona fasciculata & zona reticularis --> glucocorticoids & sex steroids
[image] |
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|
Term
| the adrenal medulla is not controles by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adrenal medulla controlled by... |
|
Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
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|
Term
| epinephrine & norepinephrine are in this group of hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Catecholamine hormones released by the adrenal medulla |
|
Definition
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine |
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|
Term
| some sympathoadrenal effects of the catecholamine hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) released by the adrenal medulla |
|
Definition
-Increase cardiac output
-Increase heart rate
-Dilate blood vessels to heart
-Increase alertness
-Increase respiratory rate
-Increase metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
| some metabolic effects of the catecholamine hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) released by the adrenal medulla |
|
Definition
-Increase glycogenolysis in the liver
-Increase lipolysis in the adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| what epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla does |
|
Definition
| it mediates its effects at target tissues via activation of GPCRs that increase intracellular second messengers, such as cAMP and calcium |
|
|
Term
| some intracellular second messengers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the receptors that lead to increased intracellular cAMP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the receptors that lead to increased intracellular cytosolic calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how epinephrine binding to beta-adrenergic receptors leads to increased intracellular cAMP |
|
Definition
[image]
beta-receptor --> G-protein --> adenylyl cyclase --> cAMPi --> protein kinase A --> other kinases --> downstream effects
-in this case, the alpha subunit interacts with the downstream effector |
|
|
Term
| depiction of how alpha-adrenergic receptors lead to increased cytosolic calcium concentration |
|
Definition
| [image]
alpha-receptor --> G-protein --> PLC --> IP3 --> Ca2+i --> Ca/calmodulin --> kinases --> downstream effects
-IP3 receptors are Ca channels on the endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ca channels on the endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| where in the cell Ca is usually stored |
|
Definition
| ER (sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells) |
|
|
Term
| why release of Ca into the cytosol leads to downstream events |
|
Definition
| because of Ca binding to calmodulin |
|
|
Term
| depiction of the metabolic effects of epinephrine in a liver cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the adrenal cortex is controlled by the... |
|
Definition
| the hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| steroids that regulate electrolytes, such as Na+ and K+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
steroids that regulate glucose and other metabolites (catabolic effects)
-also play a role in immune suppression & inhibition of inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-layer of the adrenal cortex
-releases mineralocorticoids
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Zona fasciculata & zona reticularis |
|
Definition
-layers of the adrenal cortex
-release glucocorticoids & sex steroids
[image] |
|
|
Term
| depiction of how corticosteroids are made from cholesterol in the adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weak androgens that supplement gonadal hormones |
|
|
Term
| an example of a mineralocorticoid |
|
Definition
| aldosterone, probably the most important mineralocorticoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mineralocorticoid that increases Na+ and H2O retention as well as K+ excretion in the kidneys --> increases blood volume & pressure; balances electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| an example of a glucocorticoid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis & inhibiting glucose utilization in the tissues; it also increases free fatty acid levels in the blood by stimulating lipolysis |
|
|
Term
| how cortisol increases blood glucose levels |
|
Definition
| by stimulating gluconeogenesis & inhibiting glucose utilization in the tissues |
|
|
Term
| how cortisol increases free fatty acid levels in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steroids hydrophilic or hydrophobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how steroids travel through the blood stream |
|
Definition
| by binding to “carrier proteins” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins steroids bind to so they can travel through the blood stream |
|
|
Term
| the effect of steroids on target organs |
|
Definition
-they bind to & activate intracellular nuclear hormone receptors, which then function as transcription factors (canonical “genomic” mechanism of action)
-they may also mediate non-genomic responses in target tissues |
|
|
Term
| the specific receptors steroids bind to |
|
Definition
| intracellular nuclear hormone receptors, which then function as transcription factors |
|
|
Term
| depiction of how steroids get through the blood to their target tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the part of the receptor protein that binds to the steroid hormone |
|
Definition
| the ligand-binding domain |
|
|
Term
| for the hormone-bound receptor to act as a transcription factor, the monomers have to... |
|
Definition
come together to form a homodimer
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the pair of receptor proteins that join to act as a transcription factor
[image] |
|
|
Term
| depiction of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: negative feedback control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hormones released by the thyroid gland |
|
Definition
| -Thyroid hormone (T3, T4)
-Calcitonin |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormone (T3, T4) released by which cells in the thyroid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| role of Thyroid hormone (T3, T4) |
|
Definition
-Regulation of body metabolism
-Regulation of growth & development, particularly the brain |
|
|
Term
| depiction of the follicles in the thyroid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secretion of Thyroid hormone (T3, T4) stimulated by... |
|
Definition
| TSH released from the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulation of blood calcium levels |
|
|
Term
| calcitonin secreted by which cells in the thyroid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyrotropin-releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid-stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| how the thyroid hormones (T3, T4) are produced |
|
Definition
-Hypothalamus secretes TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) --> anterior pituitary secretes TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) --> thyroid gland secretes T3 & T4
-Thyroid follicular cells transport iodide from the blood into the colloid
-Iodine is attached to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin (MIT & DIT)
[image] |
|
|
Term
| difference between thyroid hormones T3, T4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T4; about 20 times more of it |
|
|
Term
| depiction of how thyroid hormones are produced in and released from the follicles |
|
Definition
[image]
you don't need to know the names of any of these enzymes |
|
|
Term
| thyroid hormone T4 aka... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroxine-binding globulin
-this is the carrier-protein for T4 in blood |
|
|
Term
| thyroid hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| specific details on how thyroid hormone is produced and released |
|
Definition
| [image]
1: follicular cell synthesizes enzymes and thyroglobulin for colloid
2: a Na+-I- symporter brings I- into the cell. The pendrin transporter moves I-into the colloid.
3: enzymes add iodine to tyrosine to make T3 and T4
4: thyroglobulin is taken back into the cell in vesicles
5: intracellular enzymes separate T3 and T4 from the protein
6: free T3 and T4 enter circulation |
|
|
Term
| thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are derivatives of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thyroid hormones T3 and T4 diffuse through... |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| target tissues of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 |
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Definition
-liver
-skeletal and cardiac muscles
-bones
-brain |
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Term
| effect of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 on the liver |
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Definition
| promotes glucose metabolism & gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| effect of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 on the skeletal and cardiac muscles, bones, and brain |
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Definition
| promotes normal growth & development |
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Term
| the active form of thyroid hormone within the cells |
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Definition
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Term
| the mechanism of action for thyroid hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| the Hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when hormones have a nourishing effect on their target tissues |
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Term
| 2 types of effects TSH has on the thyroid |
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Definition
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Term
| some conditions that can result from thyroid dysfunction |
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Definition
-hypothyroid
-hyperthyroid
-goiter |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased levels of T4 in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| increased levels of T4 in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal growth of the thyroid gland |
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Term
| types of goiter that can occur |
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Definition
-iodine insufficiency (endemic goiter)
-Grave's disease (toxic goiter) |
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Term
| endemic goiter caused by... |
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Definition
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Term
| some details about iodine insufficiency (endemic goiter) |
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Definition
Hypothyroid condition
Low levels of circulating T4 --> no negative feedback on anterior pituitary --> elevated TSH --> trophic effects on thyroid gland --> goiter |
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Term
| some details about Grave's disease (toxic goiter) |
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Definition
Hyperthyroid condition
Autoantibodies mimic TSH effects at thyroid --> excessive T4 in blood, but autoantibodies circumvent normal negative feedback loop --> goiter |
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Term
| the pathway by which lack of iodine leads to goiters |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of how Graves's disease leads to goiter |
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Definition
| [image]
-notice that the antibody activates the receptor; it's an agonist
-this is a constant trophic effect that leads to producing too much T4 |
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