Term
The two basic types of personality tests are:
A)
aptitude and achievement tests.
B)
trait and intelligence tests.
C)
normal and abnormal functioning tests.
D)
projective tests and self-report inventories. |
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Definition
D)
projective tests and self-report inventories. |
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Term
According to psychoanalyst Karen Horney, people who move “toward” other people may have an excessive need for:
A)
power.
B)
approval and affection.
C)
independence and self-sufficiency.
D)
feelings of superiority. |
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Definition
B)
approval and affection. |
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Term
Which of the following is referred to as the “third force” in psychology?
A)
humanistic psychology
B)
the social cognitive perspective on personality
C)
the neo-Freudian approach
D)
behavioral genetics |
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Definition
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Term
Ethan and Holly were debating what would happen to society if the government collapsed and the military and police were disbanded. Holly felt strongly that although things would probably be chaotic at first, people would very naturally strive to help each other in constructive ways. Holly's views are most similar to those of:
A)
Sigmund Freud.
B)
Carl Rogers.
C)
Alfred Adler.
D)
Carl Jung. |
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Definition
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Term
Very late in his life, Freud left Vienna and moved to England because:
A)
he was awarded a teaching position at Oxford University.
B)
he wanted to be near his mother who was living in England at the time.
C)
all his books were published in English and he had a large number of patients who were English.
D)
his life was threatened by the Nazis. |
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Definition
D)
his life was threatened by the Nazis. |
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Term
Early in his medical career, Freud investigated the anesthetic properties of:
A)
cocaine.
B)
nitrous oxide.
C)
ether.
D)
morphine. |
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Definition
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Term
In Freud's theory of personality, the _____ operates on the _____, which is the capacity to delay gratification until an appropriate time.
A)
id; pleasure principle
B)
superego; reality principle
C)
ego; reality principle
D)
superego; pleasure principle |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following represents the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
A)
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
B)
oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic
C)
anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
D)
oral, genital, anal, latency, phallic |
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Definition
A)
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
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Term
_____ is to trait theory as _____ is to social cognitive theory.
A)
Sigmund Freud; Raymond Cattell
B)
Karen Horney; Albert Bandura
C)
Albert Bandura; Carl Rogers
D)
Raymond Cattell; Albert Bandura |
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Definition
D)
Raymond Cattell; Albert Bandura |
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Term
It was _____ who said, “One should be capable of giving in to others, of fighting, and of keeping to oneself. The three can complement each other and make for a harmonious whole.”
A)
Alfred Adler
B)
Carl Jung
C)
Karen Horney
D)
Albert Bandura |
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Definition
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Term
The field of behavioral genetics studies the:
A)
behaviors that are determined solely by genes.
B)
influence of genes and heredity on behavior.
C)
effects of behavior on genes and heredity.
D)
influence of traits on genes and behavior. |
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Definition
B)
influence of genes and heredity on behavior. |
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Term
Dr. Duran showed his patient Adam a series of cards, each of which depicted an ambiguous scene, such as two people talking on a park bench, or an older woman looking over a young woman's shoulder. Dr. Duran asked Adam to tell him a story about the picture. What test is Dr. Duran using?
A)
the Thematic Apperception Test
B)
the California Personality Inventory
C)
the Rorschach Inkblot Test
D)
the Minnesota Multiphasic Test |
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Definition
A)
the Thematic Apperception Test |
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Term
Freud used the term _____ to refer to sexual energy or motivation.
A)
Thanatos
B)
libido
C)
latent content
D)
reaction formation |
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Definition
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Term
According to Freud, the successful resolution of the phallic stage of psychosexual development involves the child's use of the defense mechanism of:
A)
identification.
B)
fixation.
C)
reaction formation.
D)
undoing. |
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Definition
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Term
In what way is the social cognitive perspective on personality similar to the humanistic perspective on personality?
A)
Both perspectives stress unconscious influences.
B)
Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.
C)
Both perspectives stress the importance of genetic influences.
D)
Both perspectives stress case studies and insights derived from individual psychotherapy. |
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Definition
B)
Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self. |
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Term
The neo-Freudians agreed with Freud's notion that:
A)
sexual urges are the primary motivator of behavior.
B)
early childhood experiences are the sole determinant of personality.
C)
basic human nature is aggressive and destructive.
D)
unconscious mental processes influence behavior. |
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Definition
D)
unconscious mental processes influence behavior. |
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a weakness of self-report inventories?
A)
People may misjudge their own attitudes and behaviors.
B)
People can sometimes successfully fake their responses or intentionally deceive the examiner.
C)
Since some inventories have hundreds of items, people may not answer every item carefully and accurately.
D)
Scoring is very subjective and may vary from one examiner to another. |
|
Definition
D)
Scoring is very subjective and may vary from one examiner to another. |
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Term
Unconscious repentance is to the ego defense mechanism of _____ as going to the opposite extreme is to the ego defense mechanism of _____.
A)
displacement; sublimation
B)
rationalization; repression
C)
undoing; reaction formation
D)
denial; projection |
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Definition
C)
undoing; reaction formation |
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Term
Trait theorists tend to believe that:
A)
behavior is determined more by situational influences than by innate personal characteristics.
B)
there are thousands of source traits, but only a few important surface traits.
C)
because personality is so complex, no single set of personality dimensions can possibly describe the nature of a unique individual.
D)
there are a small number of source traits that represent a universal way of describing individual personality differences. |
|
Definition
D)
there are a small number of source traits that represent a universal way of describing individual personality differences. |
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Term
Dr. Kildare gave his patient a lengthy test that involved more than 500 questions. The patient was instructed to respond to each statement with either “True,” “False,” or “Cannot say.” Dr. Kildare told his patient that the test would be scored by computer, but that he would analyze the results and discuss them with her. Most likely, Dr. Kildare's patient has taken which personality test?
A)
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI
B)
the Thematic Apperception Test, or TAT
C)
the Rorschach Inkblot Test
D)
the Michigan Aptitude Test, or MAT |
|
Definition
A)
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI |
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Term
Identify the correct way in which the social cognitive perspective on personality differs from both the psychoanalytic and the humanistic perspectives.
A)
The social cognitive perspective stresses the importance of unconscious influences.
B)
The social cognitive perspective stresses the importance of individual differences.
C)
The social cognitive perspective emphasizes insights derived from case studies.
D)
The social cognitive perspective emphasizes information derived from empirical research and experimental data. |
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Definition
D)
The social cognitive perspective emphasizes information derived from empirical research and experimental data. |
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Term
After Lauren broke up with him, Evan told his friends how happy he was that Lauren was out of his life. Nevertheless, Evan keeps thinking of things that he left at Lauren's apartment and calls her or stops by her apartment several times a week. Each time he sees her, he is insulting and unpleasant and tells Lauren that he hopes he never sees her again. Evan's behavior is best explained by which of the following ego defense mechanisms?
A)
reaction formation
B)
identification
C)
displacement
D)
undoing |
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Definition
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Term
According to Eysenck's theory, _____ tend to seek out stimulating environments, while _____ tend to avoid stimulating environments.
A)
neurotics; psychotics
B)
psychotics; neurotics
C)
extraverts; introverts
D)
introverts; extraverts |
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Definition
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Term
According to Alfred Adler, feelings of inferiority:
A)
are more prominent in women than in men.
B)
are the most fundamental archetype of the collective unconscious.
C)
motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.
D)
are resolved during the latency stage of psychosexual development. |
|
Definition
C)
motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses. |
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Term
According to Freud, the sexual urges of children during the latency stage of psychosexual development:
A)
are directed toward playmates of the opposite sex.
B)
intensify and cause great anxiety.
C)
become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.
D)
produce catharsis. |
|
Definition
C)
become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends. |
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Term
According to the _____ model of personality, personality can be defined in terms of five basic dimensions.
A)
psychoanalytic
B)
social cognitive
C)
five-factor
D)
behavioral genetic |
|
Definition
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Term
According to Albert Bandura, what is the best way to strengthen your sense of self-efficacy in a particular realm of behavior?
A)
through unconditional positive regard and a congruent self-concept
B)
through observational learning and mastery experiences
C)
by adopting the ego defense mechanisms of sublimation and displacement
D)
by developing a more positive “possible self” in that realm of behavior |
|
Definition
B)
through observational learning and mastery experiences |
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Term
The data that provide evidence for the genetic influence on personality traits:
A)
also provide evidence for the importance of environmental influences.
B)
demonstrate that personality traits are almost entirely due to genetics, and environmental influences have very little effect on personality.
C)
demonstrate that some traits are wholly due to genetics, and other traits are wholly due to environmental influences.
D)
support Freud's proposal that genetics play a significant role in personality development. |
|
Definition
A)
also provide evidence for the importance of environmental influences. |
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Term
In Freud's theory, if a parent overindulges or frustrates the child's expression of pleasurable feelings at a particular psychosexual stage of development:
A)
the ego may not develop.
B)
the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.
C)
the parent will experience the psychological wrath of the superego, which will promote strong feelings of guilt and inferiority.
D)
the child will experience reaction formation and behave in a way that is directly opposite to the frustrated desires. |
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Definition
B)
the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage. |
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Term
Even though Mary was not thinking about the events surrounding the day when she graduated from high school, she can easily bring memories about that day to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, Mary's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness.
A)
preconscious
B)
unconscious
C)
conscious
D)
latent |
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Definition
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Term
It was _____ who said, “To be human means to have inferiority feelings. But in the mentally healthy person this inferiority feeling acts as a motive for productivity, as a motive for attempting to overcome obstacles, to maintain oneself in life.”
A)
Alfred Adler
B)
Carl Jung
C)
Karen Horney
D)
Albert Bandura |
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Definition
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Term
Alyssa is a quiet, rather shy young woman who lives at home while attending college. She would rather meet an old friend for coffee than meet new people or go to parties. In terms of Hans Eysenck's model of personality, Alyssa appears to rate high on the trait of:
A)
repression.
B)
psychoticism.
C)
introversion.
D)
extraversion. |
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Definition
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Term
Gordon's 5-year-old son has recently become very possessive of his mother, pushing Gordon away whenever he tries to hug his wife. Freud would probably suggest that the little boy's behaviors reflect:
A)
fixation at the oral stage of psychosexual development.
B)
the latency stage of psychosexual development.
C)
the Oedipus complex.
D)
his attainment of the genital stage of psychosexual development. |
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Definition
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Term
While talking to another coworker, Doug makes many hateful comments about Brian behind his back. Later that morning when he sees Brian, Doug acts very friendly to Brian and offers to buy him lunch. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Doug's behavior?
A)
sublimation
B)
undoing
C)
repression
D)
projection |
|
Definition
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Term
Humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers contended that the most basic human motive is:
A)
aggression.
B)
the pleasure principle.
C)
the actualizing tendency.
D)
striving for superiority over others. |
|
Definition
C)
the actualizing tendency. |
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Term
Many psychoanalytic ideas are difficult to test because:
A)
they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.
B)
ethical guidelines prohibit this kind of research.
C)
it is impossible to recruit naive research subjects who are unaware of Freud's ideas.
D)
Freud's original notes and experimental data were destroyed by the Nazis. |
|
Definition
A)
they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured. |
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Term
Irrational and chaotic is to the _____ as rational and reality-oriented is to the _____.
A)
id; ego
B)
id; superego
C)
ego; superego
D)
superego; id |
|
Definition
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Term
According to reciprocal determinism:
A)
human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.
B)
unconscious and conscious forces operate together to determine the nature of personality.
C)
genes interact with the environment to determine human personality.
D)
human behavior is determined by the unconscious personality dynamics that give rise to self-efficacy. |
|
Definition
A)
human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors. |
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Term
The “Big Five” are:
A)
Freud, Rogers, Maslow, Bandura, and Eysenck.
B)
introversion, extraversion, neuroticism, stability, and psychoticism.
C)
neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
D)
the Rorschach, TAT, MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF. |
|
Definition
C)
neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. |
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|
Term
A trait is formally defined as a(n):
A)
set of beliefs that are held about the self.
B)
unconscious motive or drive.
C)
specific defense mechanism that produces a particular pattern of behavior.
D)
relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way. |
|
Definition
D)
relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way. |
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Term
Kaitlin is a personality theorist who believes that a person's conscious thoughts in a particular situation are likely to influence his or her goals and behavior. Kaitlin is most likely to agree with which of the following perspectives on personality?
A)
the social cognitive perspective
B)
the behavioral genetic perspective
C)
the neo-Freudian perspective
D)
the psychoanalytic perspective |
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Definition
A)
the social cognitive perspective |
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Term
Wendy often avoids trying or learning new tasks because she sees herself as inadequate, weak, and helpless. Alfred Adler would probably suggest that Wendy has developed _____ that keeps her from striving for mastery and self-improvement.
A)
an archetype
B)
sublimation
C)
a superiority complex
D)
an inferiority complex |
|
Definition
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Term
After Jack's loan application for the new car was rejected, he told a friend that he was glad he had not gotten the loan because his old car was still very reliable and he really didn't want to make monthly car payments. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Jack's behavior?
A)
repression
B)
undoing
C)
rationalization
D)
reaction formatio |
|
Definition
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Term
Because her baby seemed to enjoy putting so many things in his mouth, Jessica provided the infant with many different kinds of pacifiers and chewable toys. According to Freud's theory, Jessica is running the risk of producing _____ at the _____ psychosexual stage of development.
A)
identification; phallic
B)
the Oedipus complex; genital
C)
fixation; oral
D)
projection; anal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to Alfred Adler, feelings of _____ are universal during infancy and childhood.
A)
anxiety
B)
guilt
C)
inferiority
D)
superiority |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ego defense mechanisms:
A)
increase anxiety.
B)
operate consciously.
C)
distort thoughts or perceptions of reality.
D)
operate on the principle of unconditional positive regard. |
|
Definition
C)
distort thoughts or perceptions of reality. |
|
|
Term
Womb envy is to _____ as penis envy is to _____.
A)
Horney; Adler
B)
Horney; Freud
C)
Jung; Adler
D)
Jung; Freud |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious:
A)
occurs in close relationships and friendships.
B)
is responsible for the Oedipus complex.
C)
is the part of the unconscious mind that reflects human evolutionary history and is common to all people.
D)
is the source of sexual and aggressive instinctual drives. |
|
Definition
C)
is the part of the unconscious mind that reflects human evolutionary history and is common to all people. |
|
|
Term
In contrast to Freud, Carl Jung believed that:
A)
there were eight stages of psychosexual development.
B)
people are driven to overcome feelings of inferiority.
C)
men often suffer from womb envy.
D)
personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan. |
|
Definition
D)
personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan. |
|
|
Term
A focus on similarities among people is to the _____ perspective as a focus on differences among people is to the _____ perspective.
A)
trait; social cognitive
B)
psychoanalytic; humanistic
C)
psychoanalytic; trait
D)
social cognitive; humanistic |
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Definition
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