Term
| Pre-rRNA contains large number of methylated _______ and _____ residues. Changes are made _______. |
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Definition
| nucleotides, pseudouridines, and posttranscriptionally |
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Term
| A single primary transcript (pre-rRNA) is spliced into three rRNA's: ____, ____ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the 5S transcript synthesized? |
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Definition
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Term
| The processing of pre-RNAs is guided by ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| snoRNAs are packed with many _______ into _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ removes the 5' of the transcript of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ methylate the ________ group in pre-RNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ convert_______ into pseudouridines. |
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Definition
| H/ACA box snoRNP, uridines |
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Term
| The 5s rRNA genes are located ______ the _________ around the _________. |
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Definition
| Outside, nucleolous, genome |
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Term
| The 5S rRNA can be transcribed by ________, which can use an _____ promoter rather than a 5' promoter used by other________. |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase III, internal, polymerases |
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Term
| tRNAs are used in ______________ to match the____________ codon to an ___________. |
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Definition
| protein syntehsis, trinucleotide, amino acid |
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Term
| tRNAs have ________ sequences with the ________ region of the gene and are transcribed by ______________. |
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Definition
| promoter, coding, RNA polymerase III |
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Term
| mRNAs serve as the __________ for _________ synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______________ of mRNAs are represented by diverse RNAs called ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| hnRNAs are only found in the __________ and they are ________________, degraded or __________ after a very short time compared to other RNAs |
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Definition
| nucleus, transient, processed |
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Term
| __________________ transcribes all mRNAs in ___________ and is highly conserved. |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase II, eukaryotes |
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Term
| RNA polymerase II is assisted by _________________ to form the _______________. |
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Definition
| General transcription factors (GTFs), pre-initiation complex (PIC) |
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Term
| The pre-initiation complex (PIC) of GTFs and polymerases assemble at the _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The PIC assembly starts with the __________ of the __________________ to the promoter. |
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Definition
| binding, TATA-binding protein (TBP) |
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Term
| When TBP binds to the promoter, it binds in the ______ groove and causes a _______________ change in the DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
mRNAs share certain properties:
They each code for a specific _____________.
They are found in the ______________.
They are attached to ______________ when translated.
Nearly all have _______________ segments.
Eurkaryotic mRNAs have modifications at their 5' end (_________________________) and a 3' end (____________) |
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Definition
Polypeptide
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Noncoding
Methylguanosine cap
Poly (a) tail |
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Term
| Eurkaryotic genes contain ____________, which are missing from mature mRNAs. |
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Definition
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Term
| The presence of genes with intervening sequences are called _________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The parts of the split genes that contribute to the mature mRNA are called _______. These are the stretches of sequence remaining in mRNA after ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The intervening sequences are called _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The loops in the DNA-RNA complex resulted from _________ that were not _____________ to any part of a ________. |
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Definition
| Introns, complementary, gene |
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Term
| In lower eukaryotes, ______________ have introns that are ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| During processing, a 5' _________ and a 3' __________ are added, then intervening sequences are removed and exons are connected by _____________. |
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Definition
| Methylguanosine cap, poly (A) tail, and RNA splicing |
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Term
| The methylguanosine cap is ___________ very early during ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Protects from exonucleases
Aids in export out of nucleus
Aids in initiating translation |
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Term
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Definition
Protection the mRNA from degradation by exonucleases
Increase efficiency of translation |
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Term
| During RNA splicing (removal of ______ from a pre-mRNA) breaks are introduced at the 5' and 3' ends called _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In mammals, the sequence most commonly found at the boundary is _______ at the 5' end and ______ at the 3' end. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________ is the cause of many genetic diseases. |
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Definition
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Term
| The mechanism of RNA splicing has led to the study of RNA enzymes or _______________. These are self-splicing RNAs that _______ up and ________ themselves (with or without) proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| An example of a self-splicing intron is the ___________, found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and select bacteria and archea. |
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Definition
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Term
| Processing occurs as each ____________ becomes associated with a RNA-protein complex called _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The spliceosome consists of ________ and each _______ contains an _______ family protein and a dozen or more unique proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea of an "_____________" suggests that RNA was the earliest molecule to both _______ info and _______ reactions. |
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Definition
| RNA world, store, catalyze |
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Term
| ________________ of "Genetic modules" could have played a role in the ___________ of many genes. |
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Definition
| Exon shuffling, evolution |
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Term
| __________________ results in the destruction of some mRNAs and results in post-transcriptional ______________. |
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Definition
| RNA interference (RNAi), gene silencing |
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Term
| _________ is part of a broader phenomenon of _________, in which small RNAs __________ gene expression in various ways. |
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Definition
| rNAi, RNA silencing, inhibit |
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Term
The steps involved in _______ include:
dsRNA is cleaved into ______ by and enzyme called _______.
The small dsRNAs join a complex named _____ that binds __________ to a ________ RNA. This results in the destruction of the target RNA. |
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Definition
| RNAi, siRNA, dicer, RISC, siRNA, target |
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Term
| _____________ are derived from a ________-_________ precursor RNAs ("natural") that contain complementary sequences that allow them to _______ back to form dsRNA. |
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Definition
| microRNAs (miRNAs), single-stranded, fold |
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Term
| _____________ are derived from a single-stranded precursor RNAs ("natural") that contain complementary sequences that alloq them to fold back to form dsRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ are derived from a single-stranded precursor RNAs ("natural") that contain complementary sequences that alloq them to fold back to form dsRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ stored in a gene is present in the form of a _______________. |
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Definition
| Information, Genetic Code |
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Term
The properties of the _______ __________:
The ________ for amino acids are non-overlapping ___________ of nucleotides.
Some of the amino acids are specified by more than one code (_________). This means that a single base change in the DNA may not change the amino acid for which the triplet encodes. |
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Definition
Genetic code
Codons,triplets
Degenerate |
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Term
| _____________ are used to assemble proteins by __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____________ of tRNA complements the codon of the ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______________ suggests that a tRNA can recognize ___________ with variable third bases, so 61 different tRNAs are not needed. |
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Definition
| Wobble hypothesis, codons |
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Term
| Specific _________________ link amino acids with their respective ___________. |
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Definition
| Aminacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS), tRNAs |
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Term
| Protein synthesis, or translation, is divided into three parts: ______________, _________ and __________ |
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Definition
| Initiation, elongation and termination |
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Term
| Translation begins at the __________, AUG, which then puts the ___________ in the proper ________________. |
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Definition
| Initiation codon, ribosome, Reading frame |
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Term
| _____________ have three sites for tRNAs: |
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Definition
| Ribosomes, A (aminoacyl) site, P (peptidyl) sites, and e (exit) sites |
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Term
| The _____________ cycle is the process of adding each subsequent ________ to the growing polypeptide chain. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ catalyzes the ____________ bond formation between ________ _________ in elongation. |
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Definition
| Peptidyl transferases, peptide, amino acids |
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Term
| The __________ moves three nucleotides (one codon) along the mRNA in the 5' ---> 3' direction during _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mutations that add or delete nucleotides that affect translocation are called ___________, and produce an abnormal sequence of amino acids. |
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Definition
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