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| the study of the normal functioning of a living organism & its component parts, including all its chemical & physical processes |
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| properties that cannot be predicted to exist based only on knowledge of the system's individual components; human bodies have these |
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| What is the specific focus of physiology? |
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| the integration of function across many levels of organization |
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| collections of molecules in living organisms; the smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out all life processes |
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| separates cells from their external environment; made of lipids & proteins |
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| collections of cells that carry out related functions |
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| structural & functional units formed by tissues |
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| groups of organs that integrate their functions |
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| composed of the skin; forms a protective boundary that separates the body's internal environment from the external environment |
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| provides support & body movement |
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| respiratory (pulmonary) system |
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| digestive (gastrointestinal) system |
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| takes up nutrients & water & eliminates waste |
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| removes excess water & waste material |
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| circulatory (cardiovascular) system |
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| distributes materials by pumping blood through vessels |
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| nervous & endocrine systems |
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| coordinate body functions |
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| What system is encompassed in the immune system? |
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| the "why" of a physiological system or event |
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| thinking about a physiological event in terms of its adaptive significance |
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| the "how" of a physiological system |
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| examining processes of physiology |
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| applying the concept of integrated functions & mechanisms |
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| the division of space into separate compartments |
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| the process of keeping a relatively stable internal environment to cope with external variability in challenging habitats |
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| a disease state; can result from failure to maintain homeostasis of the critical variables listed by Walter Cannon |
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| the study of body functions in a disease state |
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| a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood glucose concentrations; a very common pathological condition in the USA |
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| the watery internal environment that surrounds the cells for multicellular animals; a "sea within" the body |
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| intracellular fluid (ICF) |
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| the fluid within cells of an organism; buffered from the external environment by the extracellular fluid (ECF) |
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| if the amount of a substance in the body is to remain constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss |
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| the amount of a substance in the body; ex) sodium load |
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| equation for the law of mass balance |
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| total amount of substance in the body = intake + production - excretion - metabolism |
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| the elimination of material from the body; usually through the urine, feces, lungs, or skin |
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| how scientists follow material throughout the body |
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| mass flow = concentration of substance x volume flow |
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| following the rate at which a substance disappears from the blood instead of directly measuring the substance in the body |
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| the fluid component of blood |
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| Is steady state the same as equilibrium? |
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| no net movement of materials between the ICF and ECF |
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| The ECF and ICF exist in a state of relatively stable _____ |
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| key functions that are kept within their acceptable range by physiological control mechanisms that kick in if the variable ever strays too far from its setpoint |
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| the optimum value for regulated variables |
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| 3 components of control systems |
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1. an input signal
2. a controller/integrating center
3. an output signal that creates a response |
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| integrating center (AKA controller) |
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| integrates incoming information & initiates an appropriate response |
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| restricted to the tissue or cell involved; the simplest form of control |
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| 3 primary components of a response loop |
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1. input signal
2. integrating center
3. output signal |
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| a specialized way to monitor regulated variables |
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| a response to a change due to a response loop that "feeds back" to influence the input portion of the pathway |
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| a pathway in which the response opposes or removes the signal |
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| the response reinforces the stimulus rather than decreasing or removing it |
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| anticipatory responses that enable the body to predict that a change is about to occur & start the response loop in anticipation of the change |
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| some form of daily biological rhythm that all animals exhibit |
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| the naturally occurring adaptation of physiological processes to a given set of environmental conditions |
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| acclimatization happening artificially in a laboratory setting |
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| logical guesses; physiology is based off of researchers generating hypotheses about how events take place & then running experiments |
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| 2 key elements of the scientific inquiry |
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1. observation
2. experimentation |
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| the altered variable in an experiment |
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| What is the opposite of an independent variable? |
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| a duplicate of the experimental group in every respect except that the independent variable is not changed from its initial value |
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| information collected by an investigator during an experiment about the effect that the manipulated variable has on the observed variable |
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| repeating an experiment to ensure that the results were not an unusual one-time event |
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| what a hypothesis can become if the data support the hypothesis in multiple experiments |
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| a model with substantial evidence from multiple investigations |
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| Do human populations have tremendous genetic & environmental variability? |
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| each individual acts as both an experimental subject & a control subject |
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| an inactive substance used in experiments |
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| mental preconceptions about a placebo helping changing the physiological response to a placebo to be positive rather than neutral |
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| mental preconceptions about a placebo harming changing the physiological response to a placebo to be negative rather than neutral |
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| subjects do not know whether they are receiving the treatment or the placebo; used to control for placebo & nocebo effects |
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| used to avoid researcher preconceptions to color their perceptions of the effect of a study |
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| What is the most sophisticated experimental design to minimize psychological effects? |
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| double-blind crossover study |
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| designed to be carried out for a long period of time |
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| a prospective study that recruited healthy people & has been following them for years to identify factors that contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease |
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| survey a population for the prevalence of a disease or condition |
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| match groups of people who all have a particular disease to a similar but healthy control group to try to determine if the development of the disease can be associated with a particular variable |
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| combining all the data from a group of similar studies & using sophisticated statistical techniques to extract significant trends or findings between the combined data |
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