_______ revolution: 

the shift around 10,000 years ago from a hunter-gather lifestyle to an more sedentary, agricultural way of life in which people began to their own crops and raise domestic animals. Compare to Industrial Revolution.

__________: 

a human-centered view of our relationship with the enviornment; only humans have rights

Gifford Pinchot is associated with this philosophy.

__________: 

a philosophy that ascribes relative values to actions, entities, or properties on the basis of their effects on living things or on the biotic relm in general; certain living things have value.

_________:

an unmanipulated point of comparison within an experiment

______ experiment:

An experiment in which the effects of all variables are controlled

(except the independent variable whose effect is being tested)

__________  variable:

the variable that is affected by & depends on the manipulation of the independent variable.

 Observational/________ Science:

-information is gathered about organisms, systems, processes, etc.

Used in astronomy, paleontology, taxonomy, genomics

__________:  a philosophy that considers actions in terms of their damage or benefit to the integrity of the whole ecological systems, including both biotic & abiotic elements; whole ecological systems have value

–Holistic – it preserves connections between entities

John Muir & Aldo Leopold are asssociated to this philosophy

Ecological ________: the environmental impact of a person or population

Ecosystem __________:

natural processes on which life, including ours, depends such as air and water purification, and pollination of crops by animals.

(ecosystems naturally purify air & water, cycle nutrients, provide for plants to be pollinated by animals, & serve as receptacles & recycling systems for the waste generated by our economic activity)

______: all the living and nonliving things around us, with which we interact.

Includes:

______ ethics:  the application of ethical standards to enviornmental questions & to the relationships between human and nonhuman entities

-Hard to resolve. Depends on the person’s ethical standards and domain of ethical concern

Enviornmental ________: 

-the study of our enviornment, our place in it, & our managment of it.

The studies suggest a strong correlation between the growth and decline of past civilizations (and its population size) and their use of natural resources.

_________: 

-A social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world from human-caused changes

__________ standard:

-the criteria that help differentiate right from wrong

-Also-

Categorical imperative: the “Golden Rule,” which tells us to treat others as we want to be treated

__________:

the study of good & bad, right & wrong; the term can also refer to a person's or group's set of moral principles or values

______  ______:  a natural renewable natural resource such as:

-crude oil

-natural gas

-coal

produced by the decomposition & compression of organic matter from ancient life.

__________:   a statement that
tries to answer the question

Hypothesis-________ Science:  targeted, structured research

__________ revolution: shift in the mid 1700's from rural life, animal-powered agriculture, & manufacturing by craftsmen to an urban society

________ (field): 

a field that borrows techniques from several more traditional fields of study & brings together research results from these fields into a broad synthesis.

Enviornmental Science includes Paleo-ecology, biology, chemistry, geology, anthropolgy & social studies.

_________  _________: an American scientist famous for the book "The Land Ethic" & held land ethic viewpoint.

-held ecocentric ethical outlook calls for people to view themselves and the land as members of the same community & to treat the land ethically.

________  Ecosystem ________: 

The most comprehensive scientific assessment of the condition of the world’s ecological systems and their capacity to continue supporting us

–Our degradation of environmental systems is having negative impacts on all of us

–With care and diligence we can still turn many of these trends around

_________    _________: philosopher that held Ecocentric viewpoint & preservation ethic which advocated for the preservation of wilderness.

-Nature deserves protection for its own inherent value

–We should protect our environment in a pristine, unaltered state

Natural ________:  substances and energy sources we need for survival.

_________ Natural Resources: replenished over short periods.

___-_______ natural resources: unavailable after depletion.

_______: the amount by which humanity has surpassed Earth's long-term carrying capacity for our species.

We are using renewable resources 50% faster than they are being replenished

_________: a dominant philosophical & theoretical framework within a scientific discipline.

____ shift: a new dominant view replaces the old.

–Example: Earth, not the sun, is the center of the universe

    –Example: plate tectonics move continents

Paradigm

Paradigm Shift

____   _____:  the first American forester; most associated with the conservation ethic & Anthropocentric viewpoint to use natural resources wisely.

-anthropocentric viewpoint promoted prudent, efficient, sustainable use of resources.

A utilitarian standard that calls for using resources for the greatest good for the most people for the longest time

___________:  an ethicist who maintains that ethics do & ethics varies with social context.

___________:  a systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding of it.

–The body of knowledge arising from the dynamic process of questioning, observation, testing, discovery.

________   _______ :   a method for testing ideas with observations that involves several assumptions & more or less consistnt series of interrelated steps.

Steps:

-make an observation

-make a hypothesis

-experiment

-collect quantitative data

-create a theory if it backs up hypothesis

Scientific Method

________  sciences: examines human interactions and institutions.

_________ development:  

development that satisfies our current needs without compromising the future availabilty of natural resources or our future quality of life.

__________:  

a widely accepted, well-tested explanation of one or more cause & effect relationships that has been extensively validated a great amount of research.

_________ of the _______:  Garrit Hardin's explanation of the unregulated exploitation of public resources leads to depletion and damage

_______ :  a manipulated point of comparison

-or-

 the portion of the experiment in which a variable has been maniputed in order to test its effect. Compare to control.

____________:    in an experiment, a condition that can be changed.

________:   the study of organisms and their relationships or interactions between each other (the biotic component) and their non-living enviornment (the abiotic component).

-studied are the growth of populations of animals and plants and how it relates to the availability of resources such as food; includes humans too

How & why did the agricultural revolution affect human population size?

How & why did the industrial revolution affect human population size?

Explain some social & enviornmental consequences & impacts that have resulted:

How & why agricultural & industrial revolution affect Human population size:

-agricultural advances/methods substatially improved population diet & increased life expectancy (crop rotation, irrigation technology improved crop yields & selective breeding of animals meant healthier stock- more food resources)

-Advances in Medicine meant more lives were saved

-improved sanitary conditions & sanitary products helped bring an end to some epidemics (like Cholera in polluted water; creation of soap for hygiene)

-Burgeoning cities meant more work/education opportunities & finding mates (emphasis on better quality of life)

Some Consequences (social & enviornmental):

-over population

-dependence on non-renewable resources

-deforrestation

-carbon emissions/pollution affects global warming

- mass production of food lead to food preservation (processed foods; domestic machines a sedentary lifestyle lead to obesity too)

Contrast the 2 meanings of Science.

Name 3 applications of Science:

1) Science- a systematic process for learning about the world & testing our understanding of it.

2) Science- the accumulated body of knowledge that arises from this dynamic process of questioning, observation, testing, & discovering.

3 applications of Science:

___________: The protection of cultural property through activities that minimize chemical and physical deterioration and damage and that prevent loss of informational content.

-The primary goal is to prolong the existence of cultural property.

-involves keeping a balance between collection-level activities such as environmental control and item-level activities such as conservation treatment, which are often more easily understood and managed but can have limited effect, especially if the items are returned to a damaging environment.