Term
| Describe the suggested origin of cells |
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Definition
3.8 billion years ago
-spontaneous process
-Earth contained CO2 and N2 with some H2, H2S, and CO
-little or no free O2 |
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Term
| Describe the Miller experiment |
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Definition
created to demonstrated spontaneous formation of organic molecules
-1950 Stanley Miller
-discharge of electric sparks into mixture of H2, CH4, NH3 with water
-several amino acids formed (A,D,E,G) and urea, lactic, acetic, and formic acids
Problems:
1. not all 20 AA
2. no ATP
3. no 02 in experiment but there was some in atmosphere |
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Term
| Describe RNA and self replication |
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Definition
-1980 Atlman and Cech
-RNA is capable of self catalyzation
-beginning of genetic info= RNA world |
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Term
| Describe origins of cells and phospholipids |
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Definition
-first cell believed to have originated by enclosure of RNA by phospholipids
amphipathic- water soluble/insoluble
hydrophobic- carbon
hydrophilic- phosphate |
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Term
| Describe free energy and entropy |
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Definition
G=H-TS
-spontaneous occurs when -G
-entropy is maximized when contact in minimized |
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Term
| Describe the emergence of present day metabolism |
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Definition
1. Glycolysis
2. Photosynthesis
3. Oxidative metabolism
-first bacteria used H2S to convert CO2 to organic molecules
-H20 evolved later leading to free oxygen
-02 allowed oxidative metabolism |
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Term
Describe the following organelles
1. Mitochondria
2. Chloroplasts
3. Lysozymes/Peroxiomes
4. Vacuoles
5. ER
6. Golgi
7. Cytoskeleton |
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Definition
1. oxidative metabolism
2. photosynthesis
3. special metabolic breakdown
4. storage, metabolism
5. processing and transport of proteins and synthesis of lipids
6. proteins further processed and transported
7. network of protein filaments that provide framework, determine shape and organization, movement, division |
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Term
Describe the following contributors to cell biology
1. Hooke
2. Leeuwonhoek
3. Schleiden and Schwann |
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Definition
1. first to observe cell in 1665
2. observed variety of cells (blood, bacteria)
3. 1838 cell theory: all things come from other cells
-not de novo |
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Term
Describe the following microscopes:
1. Light
2. Bright field
3. Phase contrast/Differential Interference
4. Fluorescence
5. FRAP
6. Confocal |
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Definition
1. 1000x
2. light shines directly through, cells are fixed and stained
-not living
3. convert variations in density or thickness to differences in contrast
4. labels molecule and emits at different wavelength
-GFP
5. GRP region is bleached with light and fluorescence recovers over time
-used to study rate of protein movement
6. increases contrast and detail by examining at single point |
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Term
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Definition
Resolution=0.61(lambda)/NA
Numerical Aperture=NA=n sin alpha
Max for light microscope = 0.22 um |
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Term
Describe the following Electron microscopes
1. Transmission
2. Electron tomography
3. Metal shadowing
4. Freeze fracturing
5. Scanning |
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Definition
1. specimens fixed and stained with heavy metals
2. 3D image put together by 2D pictures
3. sprayed with thin layer of metal at angle to produce shadow
4. frozen in nitrogen and cut with knife
-used for inner membrane viewing
5. outside layer covered in metal
-scans and make external 3D image |
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Term
Describe sub-cellular fractioning
1. Differential centrifugation
2. Density gradient
3. Velocity
4. Equilibrium |
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Definition
1. organelles can be isolated using various speeds and times when centrifuging
-larger deposit sooner (ribosomes last)
2. greater purity achieved by using denser solution such as sucrose
3. starting material layered on top, move down at different rates due to size
4. separated based on buoyancy |
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