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| a chemical that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment |
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promotion of growth and development
Energy supply
Metabolism regulation |
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effects colon
adds bulk, helps retain water |
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| typical FA chain length in humans |
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Found in animal tissue
helps synthesize and build cell membrane |
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| incorporated with phospholipids and apolipoproteins |
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very low density lipoproteins
Transport FA from liver to adipose tiss. and muscle |
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low density lipoproteins
mostly fat |
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high density lipoproteins
mostly protein
Transport fat from peripheral tissue to muscle |
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Fuel-long exercise
protection of organs
cell membranes |
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linoliec acid (omega 6 fa)
are cell regulators |
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FA's, Intramuscular Triglycerides (IMTG)
and chylomicrons |
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| What is related to CAD (lipids) |
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high saturated and trans fats
LDL |
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Hydrogen
Amino Group
COOH
Side chain |
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| can synthesize in our body |
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cannot synthesize in our body
need from diet |
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| contain all 9 Essential AA's |
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| do not contain all 9 essential AA's |
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synthesis of body proteins
provides cell structure and energy |
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transport
protection
temp regulation
lubrication |
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| decrease in blood volume and performance |
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vitamins- organic
minerals- inorganic |
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| Functions of vitamins and minerals |
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Definition
Regulate food metabolisim
Co-factors |
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| How many calories in a gram of Alcohol |
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| Positive effects of alcohol |
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Definition
high HDl and antioxidants
less stress |
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organic parts of plants that promote human heath
ex) cartenoids, polyphenols |
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Dietary Reference Intake
Standards for nutrients |
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Estimated Average Requirement
Intake that meets the requirements for 50% of people |
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Recommended Dietary Allowance
intake that meets requirements for 98% of people (cannot be used if EAR cannot be used) |
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Adequate Intake
Value used when RDA cannot be determined, based of experimentally determined intake value |
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tolerable upper intake level
highest level of nutrient intake that is not a toxic level |
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| food treated to improve taste, nutrition, color, shelf life |
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| Structure of Triglyceride |
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Definition
3 carbon backbone
Fatty acid tails |
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lease dense lipoprotein
fat from liver to adipose tissue |
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proteins + fats
transport fat |
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fuel
protection
hormone precursor
eicosanoid
cell membrane struct |
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| NON ESSENTIAL (NON NUTRIENT) part of plants that PROMOTE HEALTH |
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| phytonutrients that prevent CAD and cancer |
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| phytonutrients that have anti oxid. and repair DNA |
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REQUIRED FOR SURVIVAL
cannot SYNTHESIZE by body |
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| Standard nutrient health clams |
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Definition
| PREVENT MISLEADING CLAIMS |
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| What can food labels NOT claim |
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Definition
| prevent, cure, or treat any disease |
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| Prospective nutrient intake estimation |
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Definition
PRO: inexpensive, detailed info of habits
CON: Demanding, not normal diet |
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| RETROSPECTIVE nutrient intake estimation |
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Definition
PRO: Good response rate, easy, ranks nutrient intake
CON: memory bias, may not respresent actual nutrient intake |
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instant energy (ATP)
sarcoplasm |
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cytoplasm
ATP and pyruvate |
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mitochondria matrix
NAD/FAD/NADH
32 ATP |
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| H+ ion gradient creates pump that re synthesizes ATP |
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glucose uptake (LIVER)
Amino uptake
Decrease fat uptake |
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lipolysis
glycogen breakdown |
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| Prolonged steady state exercise fatigue cause (30-180 mins) |
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| Decreased glycogen stores (AEROBIC) |
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| Training effects on altering body |
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Definition
decreased glycogen stores
fuels are used more efficiently
decreased lactate buildup |
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work accomplished/ energy expended
Does not measure energy expended naturally in rest |
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Work accomplished/ (energy expended - resting energy expended)
measures energy expended naturally in rest |
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| Gross energy value for CHO |
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| Gross energy value for FAT |
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| Gross energy value for PRO |
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| measure of energy production |
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| HEAT measure of energy production |
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| O2 intake/CO2 production measure of energy production |
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| Closed circuit spirometry |
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Definition
| closed air system to indirect calorimetry techniques |
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Definition
| open air system to indirect calorimetry techniques |
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Definition
tells energy expenditure
ratio of O2/CO2
tells what substrate is being used
.7= fat
1= CHO |
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Definition
resting metabolic rate
60-75% of energy expenditure |
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Definition
| 24% of energy expenditure |
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Definition
| 30-80% of energy expenditure |
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Definition
difference between energy intake and energy expenditure
Positive= intake > expenditure (gain)
Negative= intake < expenditure (loss) |
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| phosphorylates glucose when it enters the cell |
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| Which has higher conc. of glycogen, liver or muscle? |
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Definition
| LIVER (muscle has more glycogen altogether though) |
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| normal blood glucose concentration |
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Definition
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| gluconeogenesis substrates |
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Definition
alanine
pyruvate
glycerol
lactate |
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| advice for carbohydrate intake postexercise to optimize muscle glycogen resynthesis |
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Definition
| mmediately after exercise (0-4 hours) consume 1.0 to 1.2 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight each hour, ingested at frequent intervals. |
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| What amount of CHO ingestion 3-5 hours before exercise can increases muscle glycogen concentrations and improve exercise performance? |
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Definition
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| ecommended exogenous carbohydrate intake during exercise |
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Definition
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Definition
spike in blood glucose can cause body to make insulin and cause drop in blood glucose
(ingesting CHO 45 before exercise) |
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| highest glycemic index foods |
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Definition
| Potato, White or Wheat Bread, Corn, (starch) |
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| Lowest glycemic index foods |
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Definition
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