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Chapter 1
A Brief History of Microbiology
92
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
09/16/2013

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Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
Any unicellular microorganism that lacks a nucleus. Classification includes bacteria and archaea.
Term
what is a distinctive feature of a Porkaryote?
Definition
A distinctive feature of prokaryotes is that they can make protein instantaneously to reading the genetic code because the typical prokaryote does not have a membrane surrounding its genetic material (DNA).
Term
Do Prokaryotes have internal Structure?
Definition
Researchers have discovered a few prokaryotes with internal membranes that look like nuclei, Prokaryotes typically lack various types of internal structures bound with phospholipids membrane that are present in eukaryotic cells
Term
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)
Definition
a Dutch tailor, and the man who discovered the bacterial world
Term
Why did Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa before bacteria?
Definition
Protozoa are generally larger than bacteria. He reported the existence of protozoa in 1674 and bacteria 1676.
Term
Microorganisms
Definition
all organisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope.
Term
By the end of the 19th century, Leeuwenhoek’s ________ were called microorganisms.
Definition
Beasties; Today they are also known as microbes.
Term
taxonomic system
Definition
A system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together. Biologists still use a modification of Linnaeus’s taxonomy today.
Term
Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778)
Definition
During the 18th century, Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed the taxonomic system.
Term
Carl Woese used cell wall composition to distinguish between three types of cells in archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.
Definition
False: Cell wall composition may vary among bacteria and therefore could not be reliable a feature to distinguish between three major cell types.
Term
Bioremediation is the use of dead bacteria to clean up oil spills in the ocean.
Definition
False: Living bacteria are used to detoxify polluted environments.
Term
Most of the world's oxygen is produced by algae.
Definition
True: Algae produce a vast quantity of oxygen as a by-product of their photosynthetic metabolism.
Term
Nosocomial infections were only a concern in healthcare in the mid-1800s.
Definition
False: In the 19th century, modern principles of hygiene were not practiced.
Term
Viruses were first discovered because of their effects on human cells.
Definition
False: The first viral disease to be described was tobacco mosaic disease, a viral disease that affects tobacco plants.
Term
Most bacteria do NOT cause disease in humans.
Definition
True: A relatively small number of bacterial species (compared to the total number known) cause human disease.
Term
Few, if any, biochemical reactions are common to both humans and microbes.
Definition
False: The work of Kluyver and Van Niel showed that basic biochemical reactions are similar among all living things.
Term
Algae are classified by using genes for ribosomal RNA.
Definition
False: Bacteria are classified based on genes for ribosomal RNA.
Term
Buchner's work with enzymes was the beginning of the study of metabolism and the field of biochemistry.
Definition
True: Buchner showed that fermentation does not require living cells, thus leading the way to research on the metabolism of the cell and the enzymes that carry out this metabolism.
Term
Recombinant DNA technology provided techniques to modify bacteria to mass produce human blood-clotting factor as a treatment for hemophilia.
Definition
True: Bacterial cells are similar enough to human cells to express a protein if provided with the genes for that protein.
Term
One group of microbes, __________, are often found in extreme environments and do not cause disease.
Definition
archaea
Term
The botanist Carolus Linnaeus is remembered for his development of a __________ system.
Definition
taxonomic
Term
oseph Lister is remembered for his work advancing the idea of __________ in health care settings.
Definition
antisepsis
Term
A set of postulates that can be used to prove the cause of some infectious diseases was first proposed by __________.
Definition
Robert Koch
Term
__________ is a process of heating liquids such as milk or juices to prevent rapid spoilage.
Definition
pasteurization
Term
The __________ is a widely used staining technique that separates bacteria into two large groups based on cell wall composition.
Definition
Gram stain
Term
The use of chemicals to control microbial growth within a host without harming host cells is called __________.
Definition
chemotherapy
Term
The study of the chemical reactions that occur in living organisms is called __________.
Definition
biochemistry
Term
Two scientists whose vaccine work began the field of immunology were __________.
Definition
Jenner, Pasteur
Term
In 1958 Beadle and Tatum used Neurospora, a mold, to discover that one gene’s activity is related to the __________ coded by that gene
Definition
protein
Term
Fungi
Definition
are relatively large microscopic eukaryotes and include multicellular molds and single-celled yeasts. These organisms obtain their food from other organisms and have cell walls.
Term
Bacteria
Definition
are single-celled prokaryotes whose cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan (though some bacteria lack cell walls). Most are beneficial, but some cause disease.
Term
Protozoa
Definition
are single-celled eukaryotes that are similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular structure. Most are capable of locomotion, and some cause disease.
Term
Algea
Definition
are plantlike eukaryotes that are photosynthetic; that is, they make their own food from carbon dioxide and water using energy from sunlight. The algae include multicellular and unicellular organisms.
Term
Archaea
Definition
are prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan and instead are composed of other polymers.
Term
Viruses
Definition
are microbes so small that they were hidden from microbiologists until the invention of the electron microscope in 1932. All are acellular obligatory parasites composed of of small amounts genetic material(DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. They can not replicate themselves or carry on chemical reaction like the living things can.
Term
Yeast
Definition
Are unicellular and typically oval to round. They produce asexually by budding.some yeast produce sexual spores
Term
Mold
Definition
Are typically multicellular organisms that grow long filaments that intertwine and make the body of the mold. They reproduce by sexual and asexual spores. Example: cottony growth on, bread, and jams.
Term
Spores
Definition
are cells that produce a new individual without fusing with another cell.
Term
spontaneous generation (or abiogenesis)
Definition
proposes that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter.
Term
scientific method
Definition
1.A group of observations leads a scientist to ask a question about some phenomenon.
2. The scientist generates a hypothesis—a potential answer to the question.
3. The scientist designs and conducts an experiment to test the hypothesis.
4. Based on the observed results of the experiment, the scientist either accepts, rejects, or modifies the hypothesis.
Term
The debate over spontaneous generation led in part to the development of a generalized ______
Definition
scientific method
Term
The theory of spontaneous generation (or abiogenesis)was purposed by whom?
Definition
It was proposed by Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) and was widely accepted for almost 2000 years.
Term
Who challenged the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
Definition
Francesco Redi (1626–1697) challenged it.
Term
Francesco Redi (1626–1697)
Definition
Demostrated a series of experiments that when decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed, whereas meat exposed soon became infested with maggots. With these experiments scientist began to doubt Aristotle's theory and adopt the view that animals arise from other animals.
Term
John T. Needham (1713–1781)
Definition
conducted experiments suggesting that perhaps spontaneous generation of microscopic life was indeed possible. boiled gravy (sealed tight) became cloudy,and saw living organisms.
Term
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799)
Definition
reported results that contradicted Needham’s findings.
Term
What was Lazzaro Spallanzani three conclusions?
Definition
1. Needham had failed to heat his vials sufficiently to all microbe, or he had not sealed them tightly enough.
2. Microorganisms exist in the air and can contaminate experiments.
3. Spotaneous generation of microorganisms does not occur; all living things arise from other living things.
Term
Louis Pasteur(1822–1895)
Definition
using swan-necked flasks that remained free of microbes disproved the theory definitively.
Term
[image]
Definition
Because of the shape of the flask, the infusion was exposed to air. However, dust particles and other things in the air never made it into the infusion. Because they were trapped in the curve of the Swan Neck Flask. No matter how long he allowed the flask to sit, microorganisms never appeared in the infusion. However, if he tipped the flask and allowed the things trapped in the neck to get into the infusion then microorgranisms began to appear in the infusion and multiply rapidly
Term
Bacteriology
Definition
Bacteria and Archaea (Leeuwenhoek)
Term
Phycology
Definition
Algae(Leeuwenhoek)
Term
Mycology
Definition
Fungi (Leeuwenhoek)
Term
Protozoology
Definition
Protozoa(Leeuwenhoek)
Term
Parasitology
Definition
Parasitic protozoa and Parasitic animals(Leeuwenhoek)
Term
Virology
Definition
Viruses
Term
Microbial Metabolism
Definition
Biochemistry; chemical reactions within a cell
Term
Microbial Genetic
Definition
Functions of DNA and RNA
Term
Environmental Biology
Definition
Relationships between microbes and among microbes, other organisms and their environment.
Term
Serology
Definition
Antibodies in the blood serum, particular as an indicator of infection.Von Behring and Kitasato – existence in the blood of chemicals and cells that fight infection
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
Frequency, distribution, and spread of disease
Term
Chemotherapy
Definition
Developmental and use of drugs to treat infectious diseases.Fleming discovered penicillin
Domagk discovered sulfa drugs
Term
Control Groups
Definition
Groups that are treated exactly the same as the other groups in the experiment, except the one variable that the experiment is designed to test.
Term
What is Fermentation?
Definition
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving fuzziness and the giving off of heat.
the process of fermentation involved in the making of beer, wine, and liquor, in which sugars are converted to ethyl alcohol. this linked back to the spontaneous generation.
Term
pathogens
Definition
A microorganism capable of causing disease.
Term
germ theory of disease
Definition
Pasteur's dicovery that bacteria are resposible for spoiling wine led naturally to his hypothesis in 1857 that microorganism are also responsible for diseases. This theory only applies to infectious diseases.
Term
metabolism
Definition
the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
Term
Koch’s postulates
Definition
1. The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts.
2. The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
3. When the agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease.
4. The same agent must be re-isolated from the diseased experimental host.
Term
The Gram stain
Definition
is still the most widely used staining technique; it distinguishes Gram-positive from Gram-negative bacteria and reflects differences in composition of the bacterial cell wall.
Term
Genetic engineering
Definition
Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of genes in microbes, plants, and animals for practical applications, such as the development of pest-resistant crops and the treatment of disease.
Term
Gene therapy
Definition
Gene therapy is the use of recombinant DNA (DNA composed of genes from more than one organism) to insert a missing gene or repair a defective gene in human cells.
Term
Peptidoglycan
Definition
Large, interconnected polysaccarides composed of chains of two alternating sugars and cross bridges of amino acid, main component of bacterial cell wall.
Term
Polypeptides
Definition
A large number of amino acids that form a part or whole of a protein molecule.
Term
Polymer
Definition
Repeating chains of covalenty linked monomers bonds in macro molecules.
Term
What were the three process that scientist thought living things arose from?
Definition
1.Asexual reproduction
2.Sexual reproduction
3.Nonliving matter
Term
Scientist search for answers to four questions
Definition
Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
What causes fermentation?
What causes disease?
How can we prevent infection and disease?
Term
what is pasteurization?
Definition
The use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages.
Term
Facultative anaerobes
Definition
Organisms that can live with or without oxygen
Term
Phospholipid
Definition
phosphate-containing lipid made up of molecules with two fatty acid chains.
Term
Phospholipid bilayer
Definition
two layered structure of a cell's membranes.
Term
Molecular biology
Definition
combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level. It is particularly concerned with genome sequencing.
Term
Microbial genetics
Definition
is the study of inheritance in microorganisms.Throughout the 20th century, researchers working with microbes made significant advances in our understanding of how genes work. Investigations with microbes demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material. Other studies established that a gene’s activity is related to the function of the specific protein coded by that gene, and they determined the exact way in which genetic information is translated into a protein.
Term
Among the questions microbiologists are working to answer today are the following:
Definition
How can we control infectious diseases?
• What prevents certain life forms from being grown in the laboratory?
• Can microorganisms be used in new ultraminiature technologies?
• How can an understanding of microbial communities help us understand communities of larger organisms?
• How bacteria communicate with each other to form biofilms?
Term
Enzymes
Definition
which cell-produced to protiens that promate chemical reactions.
Term
Eduard Buchner (1860-1917)
Definition
Buchner began the field of Biochemistry,Demostrated that fermentation does not require living cells, show that enzymes promote chemical reactions. Biochemical reactions are shared by all living things, are few in number, and involve the transfer of
Term
Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865)
Definition
was the Hungarian physician who demonstrated that puerperal fever (also known as "childbed fever") was contagious and that its incidence could be drastically reduced by enforcing appropriate hand-washing behavior by medical care-givers. He made this discovery in 1847 while working in the Maternity Department of the Vienna Lying-in Hospital.
Term
Industrial Microbiology
Definition
in which microbe are intentionally used to manufacture goods.
Term
Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)
Definition
His discoveries began the branch of medical microbiology known as chemotherapy.
Term
Magic Bullet
Definition
Gram's dicovery that stained bacteria could be differentiated into types had lead to chemicals that could be used to kill microorganisms differently. He undertook a exhaustive survey of chemicals to find a magic bullet that would destroy pathogens while remaining nontoxic to humans.
Term
Biochemistry
Definition
Began with Pasteur's work on fermentation and Buchner's discovery of enzymes in yeast extract
Kluyver and van Niel – microbes used as model systems for biochemical reactions
Practical applications
Design of herbicides and pesticides
Diagnosis of illnesses and monitoring of patients' responses to treatment
Treatment of metabolic diseases
Drug design
Term
Recombinant DNA technology
Definition
Genes in microbes, plants, and animals manipulated for practical applications
Production of human blood-clotting factor by E. coli to aid hemophiliacs
Term
Bioremed
Definition
Term
What is the four process of living cells?
Definition
Growth, Reproduction, Responsiveness, and metabolism
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