A set of behaviors that have some socially shared patterns of expectations for behavior.

ex.) Teacher, child, minister

Social Roles

1. Expand opportunities for Self-Expression
2. Bring them into contact with new Social Demands

Social Environments

Costs and Benefits

Reciprocal

1. Social Integration
2. Social Support

Striving

In Maslow's theory of the Hierarchy of Needs, there are levels of needs starting from the base of the pyramid to the peak. Once satisfying a need, an individual can then focus more on the next need.

These 5 needs, from base to peak, are:

1. Physiological

          -(hunger, thirst, sleep)

2. Safety & Security

          -(finding protection)
3. Love & Belonging

          -(friendship, family, intimate relationships)
4. Esteem

          -(building confidence, achieving goals, gaining respect)
5. Self-Actualization

Self-Actualization

1. Purpose
2. Meaning
3. Mastery

Research Study: the possible negative impact of prejudice and discrimination on the mental health and sense of personal self-worth of members of minority groups.

Results indicated that: (3)

1. Minorities (AA and HA) had higher levels of well-being than comparable EAs, even after perceived discrimination was taken into account.

2. More highly educated AAs had greater sense of purpose in life than did highly educated EAs.

3. Perceived discrimination was negatively associated with psychological well-being from women, but not men.

Research Study: the possible negative impact of prejudice and discrimination on the mental health and sense of personal self-worth of members of minority groups.

1.  Perceived discrimination undermines psychological well-being for women

2. Minority status is associated with many indicators of psychological strength for both men and women

Studies have shown that when a person is faced with a large numberr of alternatives, as in speed dating, people tend to focus their attention on...

In contrast, when there are fewer possible partners, people tend to focus their selection efforts on...

...certain key, readily assessable features (i.e. age, weight, height)

...two or three more complex, less obvious criteria (i.e. occupation, educational background, religious beliefs)

• 17%
• 40%

1. High rates of mortality and imprisonment of AA men

2. Economic marginality

1. Decline in employment opportunities in the manufacturing industries, where AA men had made earlier gains

2. Increased crime and drug use in the urban communities

Network of Interactions

Social Evolutionary Theory

1. Reproductive Potential
2. Reproductive Investment

Reproductive Potential

Reproductive Investment

In evalutating a potential partner, 

Men tend to emphasize...

Women tend to emphasize...

• Biological & Physical Resources (youth, attractiveness)
• Social Status & Economic Resources (earning potential, job stability)

Phase I: Original Attraction

Phase II: Deeper Attraction

Phase III: Role Compatibility & Barriers to Break Up

Phase IV: The Right One Relationship

1. Initial Impressions

2. Evolutionary Perspective highlighting Reproductive Potential & Investment, rather than homogamy

In Phase II: Deeper Attraction, partners begin to disclose info about themselves, interact in ways that deepen the relationship, and discover areas of important similarity.

During this phase, the discovery of 2 things are central to continuing the relationship:

1. Basic Similarities

2. Feeling of Rapport

1. Role Compatibility

2. Empathy

Role Compatibility

1. Romantic Love

2. Friendship

A sense of intimacy is a psychological process in its own right that involves sharing an open, tender relationship with another person.

2 important elements in this communication process are:

1. Emotional Expressiveness

2. Lack of Ambivalence about Expressing Feelings

1. Declines in Affectionate/Pleasurable Interaction

2. Lack of Intimacy

3. Increased Ambivalence about the Union

3 predictors of marital satisfaction:

2 predictors of marital distress:

1. Self-Disclosure

2. Partner Disclosure

3. Sense of Partner Responsiveness

1. Negative Interactions

2. Conflict

Marital Conflict

1. Negative Communication (nonverbal neg expressions, hostile put-downs)

2. Coercive Escalation

3. Congruence/Lack of Congruence

A style of interaction in which the probability that a neg remark will be followed by another neg remark increases as the chain of communication gets longer and longer.

As communication becomes increasingly negative, partners become so physiologically disorganized that they lose access to their more rational ego functions.

Coercive Escalation

Distressed couples have different perceptions of the approach that their partners are taking to resolve a conflict.

________ btw partners in how they think they and their partners are approaching the resolution of conflict is sig related to marital satisfaction.

________ is significantly related to marital dissatisfaction.

• Congruence
• Lack of Congruence

1. Money
2. House Chores
3. Communication
4. Time Spent with Souse

1. Perceive the value of affectice or emotional skills in promoting & sustaining friendships/romantic relationships

2. Expect friends/romantic partners to have ability to encourage, soothe, reassure, and validate one another

3. Are most likely to offer suggestions for how to solve problems or take some action, rather than simply empathize and identify w/ the person's problem

When asked about their preferred mode or style of interaction as a couple, both men and women prefer ________, in which they are open to the other's point of view and clearly express own opinions.

And both least prefer ________, in which one person expresses point of view and does not take the other person's point of view into consideration.

• Contactful Interactions
• Controlling Interactions

Demand-Withdraw Pattern

The ability to experience an open, supportive, tender relationship with another person without fear of losing one's own identity in the process.

• Usually acquired toward the end of early adulthood.

Intimacy

Isolation

1. Transient  

          -lasts a short time and passes, like hearing a song = memory

2. Situational

          -accompanies a sudden loss or move to new city

3. Chronic

          -lasts a long time and can't be linked to specific stressor

In the resolution of the crisis of Intimacy versus Isolation in early adulthood, the ego quality of ________ emerges as the capacity for mutuality and devotion that transcends the secure attachement of infancy.

A set of feelings, thoughts, and motives that contribute to communication, sharing, and support (Sternberg, 1988).

Love

1. Intimacy     (best friends)

          -emotional investment in a rel that promotes closeness/connection

2. Passion     (infatuation, crush)

          -expression of physical/psychological needs & desires in the rel

3. Committment     ("empty marriage")

          -cognitive decision to remain in the rel

In Sternberg's Triangle of Types of Love, each dimension changes over time.

________ is the most fleeting, and w/out commitment, is likely to result in short-lived love.

________ & ________ can grow stronger over time. However if both passion and intimacy decline, committment may as well.

________ can sustain a relationship and foster enduring love w/ or w/out the other two dimensions.

• Passion
• Intimacy & Commitment
• Commitment

By combining the different types of love, we get the relationships seen in life.

Intimacy & Passion combine to make ________.

Passion & Commitment combine to make ________.

Commitment & Intimacy combine to make ________.

and Intimacy, Commitment, & Passion combine to make ________.

• Romantic Love
• Fatuous Love
• Companionate Love
• Consummate Love