Term
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Definition
| a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and consciously experienced thoughts and feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological response to emotion-arousing stimuli.
i.e. Sight of incoming car → Pounding heart (arousal) → Fear (emotion). |
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Term
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Definition
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion.
i.e. Sight of incoming car → Pounding heart (arousal) and Fear (emotion). |
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Term
| Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory |
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Definition
the theory that to experience emotion one must be physiologically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.
i.e. Sight of an incoming car → Pounding heart (arousal) and Cognitive label (I am the Doctor, and I am afraid) → Fear (emotion). |
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| Feel-good, do-good phenomenon |
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Definition
| people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. |
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Term
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Definition
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life.
i.e. physical and economic indicators |
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Term
| Adaption-level phenomenon |
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Definition
| our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. |
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Definition
| the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves. |
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Definition
| the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. |
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Term
| General adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases:
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion |
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Term
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Definition
| the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America. |
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Definition
| Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. |
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Definition
| Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people. |
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Term
| Psychophysiological illness |
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Definition
| literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. |
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Term
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Definition
the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system:
1. B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections.
2. T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. |
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Definition
| alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods. |
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Definition
| attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. |
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Definition
| attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction. |
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Definition
| sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also reduce stress, depression, and anxiety by providing a substantial immediate mood boost. |
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Definition
| a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes). |
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Definition
| emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relives aggressive urges. |
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Term
| Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) |
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Definition
| as yet unproven health care treatments intended to supplement or serve as alternative to conventional medicine, and which typically are not widely taught in medical schools, used in hospitals, or reimbursed by insurance companies. When research shows a therapy to be safe and effective, it usually then becomes part of accepted medical practice. |
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Term
| What are the two controversies over the interplay of physiology, expressions, and thoughts in emotion? |
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Definition
1. Does our physiological arousal precede or follow our emotional experience?
2. Does cognition always precede emotion or can we experience emotion apart from or after thinking? |
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Term
| Autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
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Definition
mobilizes our body for action and calms it when the crisis passes.
1. Sympathetic division
2. Parasympathetic division |
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Term
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Definition
| directs the adrenal glads to release the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, causes our respiration to increase our supply of oxygen, heart rate/blood pressure increase, and pupils dilate to allow more light in. |
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Definition
| calms the body down, its neural centers inhibit further release of stress hormones. |
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Term
| What levels of arousal work well with what types of tasks? |
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Definition
1. Performance peaks at higher levels of arousal for easy or well-learned tasks.
2. High anxiety disrupts performance when we are facing difficult tasks. |
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Term
| Do different emotions carry different biological signatures? |
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Definition
| No, though they are psychologically different, feel different, and look differently. |
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Definition
| can prompt similar increased heart rate, but stimulate different facial muscles. |
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Definition
| different finger temperatures and hormone secretions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fear causes much more activity in the amygdala than anger. |
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Term
| Negative emotions vs. Positive emotions |
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Definition
| there is a tendency for negative emotions to be linked to the right hemisphere and positive emotions to be linked to the left hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
when our arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event.
* Arousal fules emotion; cognition channels it. |
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Term
| Joseph LeDoux's low road-high road |
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Definition
- Low road: Fear stimulus → thalamus → amygdala → fear response.
- High road: Fear stimulus → thalamus → sensory cortex → prefrontal cortex → amygdala → fear response. |
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Term
| How can our experiences affect our emotions? |
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Definition
Experience can sensitize us to particular emotions.
i.e. Physically abused children are quicker than other children to spot signs of anger. |
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Term
| Gender differences in nonverbal behavior |
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Definition
1. Women generally surpass men at reading people's emotional cues.
2. Women tend to display greater emotional responsiveness.
3. Women are more likely to express empathy and experience emotional events more deeply. |
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Term
| Culture and Emotional Expression |
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Definition
1. The meaning of gestures varies with the culture.
2. Facial expression are a fairly universal language → Darwin speculated that before our prehistoric ancestors communicated in words, their facial expressions helped them survive.
3. Cultures differ in how much emotion is expressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| acting as another acts helps us feel what another feels. |
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Term
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Definition
| allowing your own face mimic another person's expression. |
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Term
| Carroll Izard's 10 emotions |
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Definition
1. Joy
2. Interest-excitement
3. Surprise
4. Sadness
5. Anger
6. Disgust
7. Contempt
8. Fear
9. Shame
10. Guilt
→ Love is a mixture of joy and interest-excitement.
→ Hate is anger, disgust, and content.
→ Loneliness is sadness and fear. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a short madness that carries the mind away and can be many tines more hurtful than the injury that caused it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceived misdeeds and small hassles and blameless annoyances. |
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Term
| Misconception of venting anger |
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Definition
Expressing anger can be temporarily calming if it does not leave you feeling guilty or anxious.
→ Catharsis fails to cleanse rage and instead breeds more anger, it may provoke further retaliation. |
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Term
| What is the best way to handle our anger? |
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Definition
1. Wait.
2. Deal with anger in a constructive way. |
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Term
| What is the surprising reality of our ability to cope with life changing events? |
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Definition
| We overestimate the duration of our emotions and underestimate our capacity to adapt. |
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Term
| Relation of wealth and happiness |
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Definition
| Economic growth in affluent countries has provided no apparent boost to morale or social well-being, those who strive for intimacy and personal growth, experience higher quality of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Harry Helson explained that we adjust to the points at which sounds seem neither loud nor soft, temperatures hot nor cold, based on our prior experience. |
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Term
| Why are some people normally so joyful and others so gloomy? |
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Definition
| In depends on the culture, but for westerners the root is self-esteem, while for more communal cultures, social acceptance matters more. |
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Term
| What is the stress response system? |
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Definition
| According to Walter Cannon, stress response is part of a unified mind-body system → an adaptive response he dubbed, fight or flight. |
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Term
| What events provoke stress response? |
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Definition
1. Catastrophes, which are unpredictable large-scale events.
2. Significant life changes (i.e. death of a loved one)
3. Daily hassles |
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Term
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Definition
| defends your body by isolating and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| which identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders and worn-out cells. |
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Term
| Natural killer cells (NK suckahs) |
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Definition
| which pursue diseased cells. |
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Term
| What influences the immune system's activity? |
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Definition
1. Age
2. Nutrition
3. Genetics
4. Body temperature
5. Stress → slower healing of wounds, and greater vulnerability to infection. |
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Term
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Definition
acquired immune deficiency syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency
→ stress and negative emotions do correlate with a progression from HIV to AIDS and the speed of decline in those affected. |
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Term
| How does our physiological states affect our psychological states? |
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Definition
| Mind and body interact; everything psychological is simultaneously physiological. |
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Term
| What tactics can we use to manage stress and reduce stress-related ailments? |
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Definition
| Having a sense of control, developing more optimistic thinking, and building social support. |
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Term
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Definition
| meditative relations decreases blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen consumption. |
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Term
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Definition
| the relationship between health and healing. |
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