Term
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Definition
general to specific
applying a set of general logic rules to a particular problem |
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Term
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Definition
specific to general
generalizing on the basis of some observations |
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Term
characteristics of a good hypothesis
(name 7) |
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Definition
1. Simple
2. Consistent with known facts
3. Probable
4. Uses physical explanations
5. Stimulates research
6. Makes predictions
7. Testable |
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Term
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Definition
(from slides - guess, speculative, simple, little explanatory power)
a proposed explanation for a phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
(from slides - major conceptual framework, certain, elaborate, great explanatory power)
well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment |
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Term
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Definition
-“The Origin of Species” (1859) claiming
Evolution occurred by Natural Selection
-Trip on the HMS Beagle to South America
-Darwin “changed from an
ordinary creationist to an
extraordinary evolutionist" |
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Term
Galapagos Islands
(name 2) |
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Definition
-14 different islands with species that are related but different.
-Each island has different species of the same closely related type |
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Term
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Definition
| -similar structure from a common ancestor; also, same embryology |
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Term
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Definition
-forelimbs of vertebrates (i.e turtle, human, horse, bat, bird, seal; humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
-organ systems among vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
structure with no apparent function or reduced function. These structures did have a function in an ancestor, but change in the life style led to the gradual disappearance.
*There is a disadvantage to keeping the structure it “gets in the way” and costs energy to maintain. |
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Term
vestigial structure example
(name 3) |
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Definition
-human: goose bumps, tail bone(coccyx), muscles to move ears/scalp
-snake:extra lung
-cave animal: blind eyes
-flightless birds: wings |
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Term
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Definition
| ANALOGY=Similar function of two structures independently evolved (i.e. not from a common ancestor) |
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Term
analogy/homoplasy example
(name 2) |
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Definition
-fly wings vs. bird wings
-octopi eye vs. vertebrate eye |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of time for half the atoms to disintegrate |
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Term
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Definition
| through measurement of parent and daughter isotopes, and use of half-life, to calculate amount of time transpired to produce result |
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Term
gaps in fossil records
(name 5) |
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Definition
-organisms unable to fossilize well(depending on organism or environment)
-hard to find
-destroyed by erosion or disturbance
-inaccessible (not physically exposed, politics)
-punctuated equilibrium: transitional species don't last long |
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Term
fossil evidence and example
(name 7) |
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Definition
-original material:mammoth in ice; mosquito in amber; bog people; skeletons
-permineralization: mineralization of organic material(forest in ash)
-carbonized film: silhouette of blackened carbon (fish)
-mold: impression in rock (seashell)
-cast: mold filled in (mud or rock) and leaving replica of organism
-chemical fossil: molecule produced by organism left behind in rock
-trace fossil: evidence left behind by organism (feces, footprint, worm tube) |
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Term
| artificial selection and example |
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Definition
| deliberate human selection of which animals are to mate (i.e dogs, cows, chicken; domesticated animals) |
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Term
criticisms of Darwin and resolution
(name 3) |
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Definition
intermediate steps from one specie to the other
-resolution
a)discovery of more fossils
b)discovery of transitional species(archeopteryx)
c)accurate dating of fossils possible |
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Term
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Definition
a)increase in size
b)decrease in number of toes
c)increase in complexity of the molars
d)not linear but branching |
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Term
whale: a)missing links and b)key steps
(name 4 for a)(name 6 for b) |
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Definition
missing links
-pakicetus attocki
-ambulocetus natans
-rodhocetus kasrani's
-modern whale
key steps
-size: increase
-teeth: specialize
-tail: specializes into fluke
-nostrils: shift to top of head
-legs: front legs specialize to flippers, hind legs disappear
-ears: specialize for underwater hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| Important difference between these species that live on different islands of the Galapagos are in the size and shape of their beaks, and the beaks are highly adapted to different food sources |
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Term
evidence of change through natural selection
(name 3) |
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Definition
-fossils and living armadillos living close together
-proximal populations similar
-Galapagos: closely related animals with different traits |
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Term
properties of life (living organisms)
(name 7) |
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Definition
-consists of one or more cells
-contains genetic info
-uses genetic info to reproduce
-genetically related and have evolved
-can convert molecules from environment to new biological molecules
-able to extract energy from environment
-able to regulate internal environment |
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Term
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Definition
| differential survival and reproduction among individuals in a population based on variation in their traits |
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Term
cell theory
(4 principles) |
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Definition
-Living organisms composed of one or more cells
-Cells, the smallest unit of life
-Cells come from pre-existing cells
-Cells are the basic unit of life |
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Term
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Definition
| long sequence of four different units called nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| sum of ALL DNA molecules a cell contains |
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Term
| evidence of evolution form a)fossils, b)age of earth, c)comparative anatomy, and d)molecular biology |
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Definition
a)oldest organism is 3.5 billion years old
b)earth is 4.6 BILLION years old
c)individual development of individual repeats sequence of events that occurred during evolution
d)simple to complex structure spectrum of cells. Sequence suggests prokaryotes 3.5BYA, and Eukaryotes 2BYA subsequently giving rise to plants, fungi and animals afterwards |
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Term
domains of life
(name the 3 and subdivision of one of them) |
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Definition
| bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
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Term
bacteria
(name 3 characteristics) |
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Definition
-prokaryotes
-single celled
-peptidoglycan in cell wall, |
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Term
archaea
(name 3 characteristics) |
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Definition
prokarotes
-single celled
-different metabolic process than bacteria |
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Term
eukarya
(name 3 characteristics) |
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Definition
| -eukaryotic, single-celled to mullticellular, -organelles(mitochondria/chloroplasts, nuclei, ingestion of prokaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| diagram of evolutionary relationships based on DNA, used to reconstruct past history of lineages |
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Term
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Definition
-proportion of amino-acid differences over time
-average rate of of change of given gene or protein used to gauge time of divergence for a particular split in phylogeny |
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Term
Thomas Malthus
(name 2 facts) |
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Definition
-economist
-proposed rate of human population growth is greater than rate of increase in food production, therefore leading to famine(relate to high birth rate and survival in Darwin's theory of evolution) |
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Term
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Definition
-RNA or DNA
-proteins with or without lipid
-reproduces inside other cells
-nanometer
-enzyme inhibitors use to treat |
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Term
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Definition
-circular DNA
-phospholipid membrane with or without cell wall
-asexual
-1 micrometer
-anti-peptidoglycans |
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Term
eukaryotes/protozoa table
(name 5) |
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Definition
-dna linear in chromosomes
-phospholipid membrane without cell wall
-both sexual and asexual
-5 to 100 micrometers
-drugs that affect organelles or enzymes that only protists have
- |
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Term
prokaryote basic cell structure
(4 structures) |
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Definition
-plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
-ribosomes
-nucleoid |
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Term
eukaryote basic cell structure
(5 structures) |
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Definition
-plasma membrane
-chloroplasts/mitochondrion
-lysosomes
-endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus
-nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| support and provides shape, not major barrier to objects as opposed to plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| used for pushing or pushing cell in environment(little tail) |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates the traffic of material into and out of the cell and separates from outside environment |
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Term
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Definition
| -information storage and replication vs protein production |
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Term
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Definition
-mostly plants and protists
-storage, structure, digestion,reproduction |
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Term
cytoskeleton
(4 functions) |
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Definition
-support
-holds organelles in position and moves them
-moves cytoplasm
-anchors cell by interacting with extracellular structures |
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Term
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Definition
| condensed string of chromatin |
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Term
| chloroplast and thylakoids |
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Definition
| site of photosynthesis and contain chlorophyl, containing stacks of flat, circular compartments(singular compartment is a thylakoid) |
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Term
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Definition
| membranous compartments of eukaryotic cells with specific roles ("little organs") |
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Term
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Definition
| site for breakdown of food, cells and foreign objects |
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Term
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Definition
| modifies, sorts, concentrates and packages proteins before use by cell/other cells |
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Term
nucleus
(3 characteristics) |
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Definition
-contains DNA
-site of DNA replication
-contains nucleolous |
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Term
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Definition
| ribosome manufacture from RNA and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
-chemical modification for small molecules which makes them more polar(more water soluble) and therefore more easily removable
-synthesis of lipids and steroids
-glycogen degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| receives, modifies, and sends proteins to places WITHIN the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| where protein synthesis takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoskeleton strucuture; rigid skeleton for some cells and acts as framework along which motor proteins can moves structures within the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| converts chemical energy of fuel molecules into an energy rich, usable form (ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| niclear membrane-bound droplets containing pore complexes, formed to hold pieces of nuclear envelope during cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| unraveled DNA combined with protein |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in nuclear division |
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Term
dihybrid crosses
(draw table for SSYY x ssyy) |
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Definition
| Result - 9:3:3:1 ratio for this specific example |
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Term
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Definition
-(1822-1844)
-experiments with garden peas
-1866: paper established field of genetics |
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Term
| Mendel's Law of Segregation |
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Definition
| factors that control a trait maintain a discrete identity when passed from parent to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| traits that are determined by more than two alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| trait's genetic make-up (blood type:A,B,O) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype by crossing it with an individual expressing the recessive phenotype of that trait |
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Term
| Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| states that character traits are not connected but are inherited independent of one another |
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Term
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Definition
| one gene has influences multiple phenotypic traits |
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Term
| Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance |
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Definition
| genes are arranged in a linear array along the chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits carried on the sex chromosomes. In males, due to the presence of x-chromosome, allele for defective trait is present, trait will be expressed. In females, if one is defective, the other CAN compensate if other x chromosome, if not defective |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 pair in humans, combination determines sex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sister chromosomes interchange some gene during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| cross-over, which allows for variety |
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Term
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Definition
| defective/non-normal allele;base pair sequence change |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| phenotypic expression of one gene is affected by another gene |
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Term
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Definition
-DNA-transcribed-RNA-translated-POLYPEPTIDE
-RNA differs from DNA and plays a vital role in gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle of polypeptide formation |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer RNA carries amino-acids to the ribosome for assembly into polypeptides |
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Term
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Definition
| messenger RNA carries a copy of a gene sequence in DNA to the site of protein synthesis at the ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| ribosomal RNA catalyzes peptide bond formation and provides structural framework for the ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| information in a DNA sequence (a gene) is copied into a complimentary RNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| the complimentary RNA sequence is used to create the amino-acid sequence of a polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyze the synthesis of RNA from DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 letter sequence that determines an amino-acid. There are start and stop codons that start and stop polypeptide formations in |
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Term
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Definition
| non-coding base sequence; intervening regions within an exon |
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Term
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Definition
| coding sequence; expressed regions. Intron(s) are within an exon |
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Term
prokaryotic vs eukaryotic gene expression
(3 general points, no specifics) |
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Definition
a)transcription and translation
b)gene structure
c)modification of mRNA after initial transcription but before translation |
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Term
prokaryotic vs eukaryotic gene expression
(transcription and translation) |
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Definition
| at the same time in cytoplasm VS transcription in nucleus and translation, then translation in cytoplasm |
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Term
prokaryotic vs eukaryotic gene expression
(gene structure) |
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Definition
| DNA sequence is read in the same order as the amino-acid sequence VS non-coding introns with coding sequence |
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Term
prokaryotic vs eukaryotic gene expression
(modification of mRNA after initial transcription but before translation) |
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Definition
| none VS introns spliced out; 5' caps and 3' poly A added |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| non-disjunction;Down Syndrome |
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Definition
| missing/extra chromosome resulting from defective execution during meiosis 1 or meiosis 2; trisomy in chromosome 21 |
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