Term
|
Definition
| a positive state of physical, mental, and social well being--not simply the absence of injury or disease --that varies over time along a continuum |
|
|
Term
*Explain why chronic disease is the cause of a much higher percent of deaths
now than before the 20th century. |
|
Definition
-growth of industrialization increased stress and exposure to harmful chemicals
-more people grow to old age and chronic diseases are more likely to afflict older than younger individuals
-more people living to the age where they can contract a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proposes that all diseases or physical disorders can be explained by disturbances in physiological processes which result from injury, biochemical imbalances, bacterial or viral infenction, and the like
-separate from the processes of the mind
-affliction of the body |
|
|
Term
Define mortality, morbidity, prevalence, incidence and epidemic. What does the
word "rate" add to epidemiological definitions of mortality, morbidity &
prevalence? |
|
Definition
| "rate" adds relativity to the meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| death on a large scale, for example a decrease in mortality from heart disease among women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| illness, injury or disability--any departure from wellness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the situation in which the incidence, generally of an infectious disease, has increased rapidly |
|
|
Term
*Give three examples of sociocultural differences in health, health beliefs or
health behavior. |
|
Definition
1) Chinese immigrants believe that illness results from imbalance between yin and yang; yin causes colds/gastric disorders and yang causes fever/dehydration
-try to prescribe acupuncture
2) jehovahs witnesses reject the use of blood and blood products in medical treatments
3)christian scientists reject the use of medicine and believe that only mental processes in the sick person can cure the illness |
|
|
Term
| *What determines whether methods are experimental or non-experimental? |
|
Definition
non-experimental: researchers dont manipulate an independent variable and or do not equate the groups
-less opportunity for precise measurement and for control of variables not being studied |
|
|
Term
| List three criteria that must be met before drawing cause-effect conclusions. |
|
Definition
-the levels of the independent and dependent variables corresponded or varied together
-the cause preceded the effect
-all other plausible causes have been ruled out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is studied for its potential or expected influence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assessed because of its value is expected to depend on the independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the influence of having been born and raised at a different time |
|
|
Term
| double blind control procedure |
|
Definition
| both the experimenter and the person in the test are unaware of the treatment being given |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using chance to ensure that all participants have an equal likelihood of being assigned to a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the group of participants receiving the experimental treatment |
|
|
Term
Describe the purpose (function) of the nervous system. Include structures in both
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. |
|
Definition
| purpose of the nervous system: receives info about changes in the environment from sensory organs and transmits directions that tell our muscles and other internal organs how to react |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
| remaining network of neurons throughout the body |
|
|
Term
*Which brain structure serves as the chief relay station for sensory messages
coming in and for motor commands out to the skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
| chief relay station: thalamus |
|
|
Term
Name and briefly describe two diseases or disorders (such as injury to a specific
area) of the nervous system. |
|
Definition
1) if the lower portion of the cord is severed the lower areas of the body are paralyzed: paraplegia
2) ataxia: when injury occurs to the cerebellum the persons actions become jerky and uncoordinated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized nerve cell that send and receive messages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if the upper portion of the spinal cord is severed, paralysis of the leg and arms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical that is released from the synaptic knobs and travels to the dendrites of an adjacent neuron |
|
|
Term
Describe how the endocrine system responds when your sympathetic nervous
system receives an emergency call to action. |
|
Definition
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
1)hypothalamus sends a hormone called corticotropin-releasing factor to the pituitary gland
2)pituitary gland released ACTH (adrenocortiotropic hormone) to the blood
3)ACTH travels throughout body and stimulates the release of a variety of hormones--especially those of the adrenal glands to affect reaction to the emergency |
|
|
Term
| how the nervous system and endocrine system are connected: |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus sends chemical messages to the pituitary gland which causes a release of hormones into the blood which selectively stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete chemicals |
|
|
Term
What is meant by "physiological individuality"? Discuss the implications of
physiological individuality for health and behavior. |
|
Definition
we each have individual internal organs and body chemistry
-people react to medicines differently
-react to stress differently |
|
|
Term
| *What are three outcomes of metabolism? |
|
Definition
1) synthesis of new cell material from proteins and minerals to build and repair the body
2) regulation of body processes--by producing enzymes and hormones for example--through the use of proteins, minerals and vitamins
3) energy to heat the body and fuel its activities |
|
|
Term
*How do the muscles involved in breathing "know" when to inhale and when to
exhale? |
|
Definition
our blood vessels contain sensors that monitor blood gases and send this info to the medulla of the brain, which directs actions of the muscles to cause us to inhale and exhale
-when the CO2 level is high, the medulla increases the breathing rate, when the CO2 level is low, breathing rate is decreased |
|
|
Term
Describe two protective mechanisms that prevent foreign matter from entering
the respiratory system. |
|
Definition
reflexes
1) sneezing in response to irritation of the nasal passages
2) coughing in response to irritation in lower portions of the system |
|
|
Term
| How is blood cleansed of waste products? |
|
Definition
-the kidneys cleanse the blood of waste and pass the wastes on to be eliminated in urine
-the liver also receives blood from the intestinal tract and cleans it of harmful debris, such as bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
soft tissue found in the core of all bones in the body; produces red blood cells
-forms lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an organ in the upper left side of the persons abdomen
-functions like an enormous lymph node except that blood rather than lymph travels through it
-filters out antigens and serves as a home base for white blood cells; also removes ineffective or worn out red blood cells from the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endocrine organ that lies in the chest; where lymphocytes mature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clear fluid that is present in the lymph vessels which play an important role in cleansing body cells of antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any substance that can trigger an immune response |
|
|
Term
| describe three common antigens |
|
Definition
1) bacteria: microorganisms that exist in vast numbers throughout the environment; their activities are essential to life and growth of all living things; cause illness by growing rapidly and competing w our cells for nutrients and excreting toxic substances
2) fungi: organisms that attach to an organic host and absorb nutrients from it; can be beneficial (penicillin is derived from molds)
3) viruses: particles of protein and nucleic acid that are smaller than cells and may not even be alive; consist of genetic info that allows them to reproduce; rupture cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a positive state of physical, mental, and social well being--not simply the absence of injury or disease --that varies over time along a continuum |
|
|
Term
*Explain why chronic disease is the cause of a much higher percent of deaths
now than before the 20th century. |
|
Definition
-growth of industrialization increased stress and exposure to harmful chemicals
-more people grow to old age and chronic diseases are more likely to afflict older than younger individuals
-more people living to the age where they can contract a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proposes that all diseases or physical disorders can be explained by disturbances in physiological processes which result from injury, biochemical imbalances, bacterial or viral infenction, and the like
-separate from the processes of the mind
-affliction of the body |
|
|
Term
Define mortality, morbidity, prevalence, incidence and epidemic. What does the
word "rate" add to epidemiological definitions of mortality, morbidity &
prevalence? |
|
Definition
| "rate" adds relativity to the meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| death on a large scale, for example a decrease in mortality from heart disease among women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| illness, injury or disability--any departure from wellness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the situation in which the incidence, generally of an infectious disease, has increased rapidly |
|
|
Term
*Give three examples of sociocultural differences in health, health beliefs or
health behavior. |
|
Definition
1) Chinese immigrants believe that illness results from imbalance between yin and yang; yin causes colds/gastric disorders and yang causes fever/dehydration
-try to prescribe acupuncture
2) jehovahs witnesses reject the use of blood and blood products in medical treatments
3)christian scientists reject the use of medicine and believe that only mental processes in the sick person can cure the illness |
|
|
Term
| *What determines whether methods are experimental or non-experimental? |
|
Definition
non-experimental: researchers dont manipulate an independent variable and or do not equate the groups
-less opportunity for precise measurement and for control of variables not being studied |
|
|
Term
| List three criteria that must be met before drawing cause-effect conclusions. |
|
Definition
-the levels of the independent and dependent variables corresponded or varied together
-the cause preceded the effect
-all other plausible causes have been ruled out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is studied for its potential or expected influence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assessed because of its value is expected to depend on the independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the influence of having been born and raised at a different time |
|
|
Term
| double blind control procedure |
|
Definition
| both the experimenter and the person in the test are unaware of the treatment being given |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using chance to ensure that all participants have an equal likelihood of being assigned to a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the group of participants receiving the experimental treatment |
|
|
Term
Describe the purpose (function) of the nervous system. Include structures in both
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. |
|
Definition
| purpose of the nervous system: receives info about changes in the environment from sensory organs and transmits directions that tell our muscles and other internal organs how to react |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
| remaining network of neurons throughout the body |
|
|
Term
*Which brain structure serves as the chief relay station for sensory messages
coming in and for motor commands out to the skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
| chief relay station: thalamus |
|
|
Term
Name and briefly describe two diseases or disorders (such as injury to a specific
area) of the nervous system. |
|
Definition
1) if the lower portion of the cord is severed the lower areas of the body are paralyzed: paraplegia
2) ataxia: when injury occurs to the cerebellum the persons actions become jerky and uncoordinated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized nerve cell that send and receive messages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if the upper portion of the spinal cord is severed, paralysis of the leg and arms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical that is released from the synaptic knobs and travels to the dendrites of an adjacent neuron |
|
|
Term
Describe how the endocrine system responds when your sympathetic nervous
system receives an emergency call to action. |
|
Definition
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
1)hypothalamus sends a hormone called corticotropin-releasing factor to the pituitary gland
2)pituitary gland released ACTH (adrenocortiotropic hormone) to the blood
3)ACTH travels throughout body and stimulates the release of a variety of hormones--especially those of the adrenal glands to affect reaction to the emergency |
|
|
Term
| how the nervous system and endocrine system are connected: |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus sends chemical messages to the pituitary gland which causes a release of hormones into the blood which selectively stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete chemicals |
|
|
Term
What is meant by "physiological individuality"? Discuss the implications of
physiological individuality for health and behavior. |
|
Definition
we each have individual internal organs and body chemistry
-people react to medicines differently
-react to stress differently |
|
|
Term
| *What are three outcomes of metabolism? |
|
Definition
1) synthesis of new cell material from proteins and minerals to build and repair the body
2) regulation of body processes--by producing enzymes and hormones for example--through the use of proteins, minerals and vitamins
3) energy to heat the body and fuel its activities |
|
|
Term
*How do the muscles involved in breathing "know" when to inhale and when to
exhale? |
|
Definition
our blood vessels contain sensors that monitor blood gases and send this info to the medulla of the brain, which directs actions of the muscles to cause us to inhale and exhale
-when the CO2 level is high, the medulla increases the breathing rate, when the CO2 level is low, breathing rate is decreased |
|
|
Term
Describe two protective mechanisms that prevent foreign matter from entering
the respiratory system. |
|
Definition
reflexes
1) sneezing in response to irritation of the nasal passages
2) coughing in response to irritation in lower portions of the system |
|
|
Term
| How is blood cleansed of waste products? |
|
Definition
-the kidneys cleanse the blood of waste and pass the wastes on to be eliminated in urine
-the liver also receives blood from the intestinal tract and cleans it of harmful debris, such as bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
soft tissue found in the core of all bones in the body; produces red blood cells
-forms lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an organ in the upper left side of the persons abdomen
-functions like an enormous lymph node except that blood rather than lymph travels through it
-filters out antigens and serves as a home base for white blood cells; also removes ineffective or worn out red blood cells from the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endocrine organ that lies in the chest; where lymphocytes mature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clear fluid that is present in the lymph vessels which play an important role in cleansing body cells of antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any substance that can trigger an immune response |
|
|
Term
| describe three common antigens |
|
Definition
1) bacteria: microorganisms that exist in vast numbers throughout the environment; their activities are essential to life and growth of all living things; cause illness by growing rapidly and competing w our cells for nutrients and excreting toxic substances
2) fungi: organisms that attach to an organic host and absorb nutrients from it; can be beneficial (penicillin is derived from molds)
3) viruses: particles of protein and nucleic acid that are smaller than cells and may not even be alive; consist of genetic info that allows them to reproduce; rupture cells |
|
|
Term
Describe how the immune system fights antigens at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd line of
defense and what happens in the system as the invasion subsides. |
|
Definition
1st line of defense: skin and mucous membranes; coated w fluids that contain antibodies and other antimicrobial substances
2nd line of defense: once antigen penetrates first layer it encounters nonspecific and specific immune responses
-phagocytes in blood consume antigens and present the antigen to b cells and helper t cells as if to say "go get em!"
-b cells respond to message from lymphocytes and helper t cells by giving rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies
-antibodies attach to antigen thereby aiding the phagocytes
3rd line: antigens that get through and invade body cells encounter killer t cells that destroy the invaded cells
-it is very important that phagocytes present the antigen to t cells especially if the antigen is new and has no memory t cells
-suppressor t cells slow down the cell mediated and antibody mediated immune responses
-memory b and t cells are left in the blood and lymph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directly attack and destroy three main targets: transplanted tissue, cancerous cells, and cells that have already been contaminated with an antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receive reports of invasions from other white blood cells that patrol the body, rush to the spleen and lymph nodes and stimulate lymphocytes to reproduce and attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
remember previous invades; at the time of an initial infection some t cells are imprinted w info for recognizing that specific kind of invader in the future
-circulate in the blood for long periods of time and enable body to defend against subsequent invasions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| operate in slowing down or stopping cell mediated and antibody mediated immunity processes as an infection diminishes or is conquered |
|
|
Term
| delayed hypersensitivity t cells |
|
Definition
2 functions:
1) involved in delayed immune reactions, particularly allergies like poison ivy, in which tissue becomes inflamed
2) produce protein substances called lymphokines that stimulate other t cells to grow, reproduce and attack an invader |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies
-attacks antigens before they have invaded cells and while they are still in body fluids |
|
|
Term
| 4 examples of autoimmune diseases |
|
Definition
rheumatoid arthritis: immune response is directed against tissues and bones at the joints
rheumatic fever: the muscles of the heart are the target often leaving the heart valves permanently damaged
multiple sclerosis: the immune system attacks the myelin sheath of neurons
systematic lupus erythematosus: affects various parts of the body, such as skin and heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the demanding job or death in the family
-these are called stressors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
peoples reactions to the stressors
-when people use it in this context they see it as their state of tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-view in which stress is not just a stimulus or a response but a process in which the person is an active agent who can influence the impact of a stressor through behavioral, cognitive, and emotional strategies
-the transactions w the person and the environment each affecting each other
-for example: if a person is stuck in traffic one may start honking their horn another may turn on music and stay calm |
|
|
Term
| *biopsychsocial definition of stress |
|
Definition
| the circumstance in which transactions lead a person to perceive a discrepancy between the physical or psychological demands of situation and the resources of his or her biological, psychological, or social systems |
|
|
Term
| Contrast the two components of cognitive appraisal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"what does this do to me?" "will i be okay or in trouble?"
number 1 in cognitive appraisal
-depends on harm-loss (harm thats already occurred) and threat (which is the expectation of more harm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental process by which people assess two factors 1) whether a demand threatens their physical or psychological well being and 2) the resources available for meeting the demand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
our assessment of the resources we have available for coping
"i cant do it ill fail"
"i can do it if ginny helps" |
|
|
Term
How do personal factors such as self-esteem, motivation and personal belief
system affect appraisals of stress? |
|
Definition
motivation: the more important the goal, the higher the stress the person will perceive
person beliefs: i MUST have a perfect life, anything less is a failure |
|
|
Term
| five things that can provide stress |
|
Definition
-life transitions: passing from one life condition or phase to another--starting day care
-difficult timing: events that happen earlier or later in life than usual or expected
-ambiguity: a lack of clarity in a situation, unclear info for a worker about a task
-low desirability: losing ones house in a fire
-low controllability: not being able to prevent back pain |
|
|
Term
| Discuss the 3 stages of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS). |
|
Definition
1) alarm reaction: flight or fight--mobilize bodys resources
-hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
2) stage of resistance: initial reactions of sympathetic nervous system become less pronounced and important, HPA activation predominates, arousal remains high, body tries to defend against and adapt to the stressor
-may make person vulnerable to health problems
-may show outward signs of stress
3) stage of exhaustion: resources limited, ability to resist collapse; weakened immune system, depleted body energy reserves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-important in two way connection between cognition and stress
-set of cognitive abilities involved in the regulation and direction of our ongoing behavior, such as maintaining or shifting attention, inhibiting impulses, current working memory capacity
-better executive functions can help manage stress but stress can also decrease executive functions ability |
|
|
Term
What behavioral criteria differentiate depression as a psychological disorder from
"normal" feelings of sadness? |
|
Definition
| clinical depression: severe and prolonged lasting at least 2 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
choice involves two appealing goals that are incompatible; people trying to lose weight but also love food
-sometimes easy to resolve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
choice between two undesirable situations; ex patients w serious illness may be faced w choice bw 2 treatments that will control or cure disease but have bad side effects
-difficult to resolve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a single goal or situation has attractive and unattractive features
ex: cigarette smoking
-difficult to resolve |
|
|
Term
What are five things parents can do that may lessen children's stress during/after
a divorce? |
|
Definition
1) telling children in advance
2) encouraging open communication and answering the childrens questions truthfully
3) giving info, such as what changes will happen, at the childrens levels of understanding
4) recruiting help and advice from others, such as relatives
5) encouraging the children to have contact w both parents |
|
|
Term
| *Can stress be good for you? Explain your answer, using examples. |
|
Definition
-function at YOUR best optimal level of arousal
-challenged people are more likely to have better morale because to be challenged means feeling positive about demanding encounters |
|
|
Term
| four types of social support |
|
Definition
-emotional or esteem support: empathy, caring, concern
-tangible or instrumental: direct assistance, giving out money or help out w chores
-informational: giving advice, directions, etc
-companionship support: availability of others to spend time w the person, giving a feeling of membership in a group of people who share interests and social activities |
|
|
Term
| what factors influence who gets social support |
|
Definition
| -sociability, helping others, letting people know you need help, depends on the size and closeness of their social network |
|
|
Term
| what factors influence who gives social support? |
|
Definition
| -people who have the resources, may be themselves under stress, may be insensitive to the needs of others, |
|
|
Term
*State the relation between mortality and social support found by Berkman &
Syme. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
social support affects health by protecting the person against the negative effects of high stress; not necessarily low stress
-when a highly stressful event happens social support may make them less likely to appraise the situation as highly stressful
-social support may modify peoples response to a stressor after the initial appraisal; someone may convince them to look on the bright side, or offer a solution |
|
|
Term
| direct effects hypothesis |
|
Definition
-social support benefits health and well being regardless of the amount of stress people experience--the beneficial effects are similar under high and low stressor intensities
-people w high levels of social support have a high feeling of belongingness and self esteem; may produce health effects regardless of stress such as lower blood pressure
-care more about their health so they exercise, eat well, etc; are encouraged to care about a healthful lifestyle |
|
|
Term
| *Describe how social ties can harm a person's health. |
|
Definition
-people offering help may make them feel like they cant handle it on their own
-when people get the wrong kind of help
-when the help is insufficient
^dont help
these harm:
-if relationships are strained
-if people encourage harmful behavior
-family may be too overprotective and stop the person from going back to work or being active if they have a disease
-high social contact + high stress can lead to more infectious illnesses |
|
|
Term
| Seligman, et al, propose that people who experience uncontrollable negative events apply a cognitive process called attribution, which involves making judgments about three dimensions of the situation. Describe this process. |
|
Definition
-gain perceived helplessness (learned helplessness)
-seligman says not always however
-he says they report feeling a loss of self esteem
-attribution:
1) internal-external: people consider if the situation results from own personal inability to control outcomes or from external causes that are beyond anyones control
2) stable-unstable: assess whether the situation that is long lasting (stable) or temporary (unstable)
3) global specific: consider whether the situation results from factors that have global and wide-ranging effects or specific and narrow effects
stable and global conclusions: helpless and depressed
internal: loss of self esteem |
|
|
Term
| *Describe the three characteristics of hardiness. |
|
Definition
hardiness: broad array of personality traits that differentiate people who do or do not get sick under stress
1) control: peoples belief that they can influence events in their lives
2) commitment: peoples sense of purpose or involvement in the events, activities and people in their lives
3) challenge refers to the tendency to view changes as incentives or opportunities for growth rather than threats to security |
|
|
Term
| Describe how the structured interview is used to measure Type A/B behavior including the features of the interview designed to encourage display of Type A behaviors during the interview. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-competitive achievement orientation: competitive, dont feel a sense of joy in their efforts
-time urgency: in a constant struggle against the clock; do things at the same time, schedule commitments too tightly
-anger hostility: easily aroused to anger or hostility; may not express overtly
-vigorous vocal style: speak loudly, rapdily; take over conversations |
|
|
Term
| structured interview for type a vs type b |
|
Definition
15 to 20 minutes
-self reports
-actual sample of their behavior
-reveal their competitive, hostile, or vigorous style by how they say things and what they sayu |
|
|
Term
| Why is anger/hostility called "Type A's deadly emotion." Explain the physiology of the CHD-hostility link. |
|
Definition
-anger/hostility is the main aspet of type a behavior in the link w CHD
-leads to more stress exposure bc of more conflict
-hostile people do not respond w reduced physiological reactivity during stressful situations w social support (worry too much what people think, distrustful)
-more likely to brood so they have less recovery
-anger/hostility could lead to unhealthy behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -narrowing of the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart muscle (athlerosclerosis) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the focus of psychoneuroimmunology. What sorts of issues do psychoneuroimmunologists study? Give two examples. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on the relationships between psychosocial processes and the activities of the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems |
|
|
Term
| Describe the feedback loop relationship between psychosocial processes, and the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. |
|
Definition
the nervous and endocrine systems send messages via hormones or neurostransmitters that increase or decrease immune function and cells of the immune system produce chemicals (cytokines and ACTH) that feed information back to the brain.
-the brain is the middle main that maintains balance |
|
|
Term
| Describe the occupational and sociocultural factors that appear to be related to the development of hypertension and CHD? |
|
Definition
| -people in less advanced societys may have more social support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high blood pressure consistently over several weeks or more--major risk factor for CHD, stroke, and kidney disease |
|
|
Term
| What did the physician Galen (second century AD) believe about emotional states and cancer? |
|
Definition
| -people who were sad were more likely to develop cancer |
|
|
Term
| Does research support the notion that there is a link between stress and cancer? What are the problems with such research? |
|
Definition
-retrospective studies cloud the interpretation of the results
-cancer studies are done soon after the diagnosis but cancer was present long before
-MAY affect cancer; decreases bodies immune function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process by which people try to manage the perceived discrepancy between the demands and resources they appraise in a stressful situation
-may change their viewpoint on situation, correct the problem, accept the harm
-involves continuous transactions w the environment |
|
|
Term
| emotion focused coping vs problem focused coping |
|
Definition
emotion: involve behavioral or cognitive changes; watching more tv or changing how you think about the situation; freuds defense mechanisms
-do these when they believe there is nothing they can do to change the situation
problem focused coping: aimed at reducing the demands of a stressful situation or expanding the resources to deal with it |
|
|
Term
| *Why might older adults and disadvantaged persons in minority groups use more emotion focused coping than problem focused coping? |
|
Definition
-social experiences of disadvantaged people have taught them they have little control
- |
|
|
Term
| Describe four issues to consider related to people's patterns in using different coping methods. |
|
Definition
1) people tend to use the same coping mechanism to deal w a type of stressor
2) people seldom use just one method to cope w a stressor
3) the methods people use in coping w short term stressors may be diff from those they use under long term stress
4) methods people use to cope w stress develop from the transactions they have in their lives, a generic influence is suggested by the finding that identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins |
|
|
Term
| Describe the developmental changes in coping over the lifespan described by Sarafino. |
|
Definition
infants: rely on cognitive strategies, regulate their feelings w emotion focused methods
middle aged: problem focused
old aged: emotion focused
-adults are normally married and use more joint coping strategies |
|
|
Term
| Describe the relationship between social support and stress. What tends happens to social support in the presence of long-term chronic stress? How can people enhance their ability to give and receive social support? |
|
Definition
-chronic stress can lead to a decrease in social support
-enhancing: joining community organizations |
|
|
Term
| *What do the most clearly effective methods of preparing people psychologically for surgery have in common? |
|
Definition
-enhance patients feelings of control
-promoting behavioral control: patients learn how to reduce discomfort or promote rehabilitation through specific actions, such as deep breathing exercises
cognitive control: focus thoughts on pleasant aspects or beneficial aspect of the surgery
informational control: receive info about the procedures and or sensations they will experience |
|
|
Term
| Describe systematic desensitization. How is systematic desensitization different from progressive muscle relaxation and biofeedback? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| progressive muscle relaxation |
|
Definition
| focus their attention on specific muscle groups while alternately tightening and relaxing these muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
technique in which an electromechanical device monitors the status of a persons physiological processes such as heart rate or muscle tension and immediately reports that info back to the individual
-enables the person to gain voluntary control through operant conditioning |
|
|
Term
| systematic desensitization |
|
Definition
a useful method for reducing fear and anxiety
-classical conditioning that reverses learning by pairing the feared object or situation w pleasant or neutral events |
|
|
Term
| Describe the contributions of Edmund Jacobsen and of Joseph Wolpe. |
|
Definition
Edmund Jacobsen: came up w the idea of teaching people to relax their skeletal muscles to reduce psychological stress
-pat attention to sensations as they tense and relax individual groups of muscles
joseph wolpe: desensitization through counterconditioning whereby the calm response gradually replaces the fear response |
|
|
Term
| How do irrational beliefs increase stress? What four types of irrational beliefs have been described by Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck? |
|
Definition
1) cant stand its: i cant stand not doing well on this test
2) musterbating: people MUST like me or im worthless
3) arbitrary inference: drawing a specific conclusion from insufficient, ambiguous, or contrary evidence
4) magnification: greatly exaggerating the meaning or impact of an event; being diagnosed w arthritis as catastrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when people learn by observing others
-can learn fears |
|
|
Term
| Which stress management techniques have been found to be effective in reducing Type A Behavior. |
|
Definition
multidimensional program including progressive muscle relaxation, cognitive restructuring and stress inoculation training
-stress inoculation: learning about arousal and cognitive processes in feeling ange; improved abilities to control anger |
|
|
Term
Which techniques are effective in reducing
hypertension? |
|
Definition
-meditation is effective
-multidimensional techniques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a widely used cognitive restructuring approach to change maladaptive thought patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clients learn a strategy for identifying, discovering, or inventing effective or adaptive ways to address problems in every day life |
|
|
Term
| stress inoculation training |
|
Definition
| an approach that uses a variety of methods that are designed to teach people skills for alleviating stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which stress provoking thoughts or beliefs are replaced w more constructive or realistic ones that reduce the persons appraisal of threat or harm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an altered state of consciousness that is induced by special techniques of suggestion and leads to varying degrees of responsiveness to directions for changes in perception, memory, and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| touch based therapy that can reduce anciety and depression and increase the bodys production of oxytocin that decreases blood pressure and stress hormone levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method in the practice of yoga that was promoted by maharishi mahesh yogi as a means of improving physical and mental health and reducing stress. |
|
|
Term
| *Write a succinct Health Psychology definition for "Health Behavior" |
|
Definition
| any activity people perform to maintain or improve their health, regardless of their perceived health status or whether the behavior actually achieves that goal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any activity people undertake to maintain or improve current good health and avoid illness
ex: eating healthful diets, having regular dental checkups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any activity people who are ill undertake to determine the problem and find a remedy
ex: complaining, seeking help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any activity people undertake to get well after deciding that they are ill and what the illness is
ex: they are exempt from normal obligations such as work or school |
|
|
Term
| Explain why people’s health behaviors are not more stable and strongly linked to each other. |
|
Definition
1) health habits change over time
2) particular health behaviors are not strongly tied to each other--that is if we know a person does one habit, they may not do anotehr
3) are not governed by a single set of attributes--for example a girl may wear a seat belt to be safe but watch her weight to be attractive and not smoke bc shes allergic
EXPLANATION:
-various factors at any given time in peoples lives may differentially affect different behaviors; ex: people encourage them to eat too much
-people change as a result of experience; ex: grandmother dies of lung cancer
-peoples life circumstances change; ex: its too expensive to eat too much |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
actions taken to avoid disease or injury
ex: seat belts, exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actions taken to identify and treat an illness or injury early w the aim of stopping or reversing the problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actions to contain or retard this damage, prevent disability or recurrence, and rehabilitate the patient |
|
|
Term
| Discuss how reinforcement, extinction, punishment and modeling affect health-related behavior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when we do something that brings a pleasant, wanted or satisfying consequence the tendency to repeat that behavior is increased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
if the consequences that maintain a behavior are eliminated, the response tendency gradually weakens
ex: if money is no longer given after child brushes their teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when we do something that brings an unwanted consequence, the behavior tends to be suppressed
ex: child who gets a scolding from his parents for playing w matches |
|
|
Term
| *Define habitual behavior. Explain why habitual behaviors are so hard to change. |
|
Definition
habitual behavior is performed automatically and without awareness, such as when a smoker catches a glimpse of a pack of cigarettes and absentmindedly starts smoking one
-becomes less dependent on consequences and more dependent on an antecedent
-an antecedent is something that precedes the habit and sets the occasion: such as i must have a cigarette w breakfast |
|
|
Term
| According to the health belief model what two types of assessments determine whether a person will take preventive action? |
|
Definition
1) perceived threat
2) perceived benefits and barriers: the pros and cons |
|
|
Term
| According to the theory of planned behavior, what determines peoples intentions to perform a behavior? |
|
Definition
people decide their intention in advance of most voluntary behaviors and intentions are the best predictors of what people will do
-three judgements determines people intentions:
1) attitude regarding the behavior; ex: exercising is a good thing to do
2) subjective norm; ex: the judgement reflects the impact of social pressure or influence on the behaviors acceptability or appropriateness
3) perceived behavioral control; the persons expectation of success in performing the contemplated behavior |
|
|
Term
| *State a general weakness shared by the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior. |
|
Definition
| people do not always do what they intend to do or what they perceive they should do |
|
|
Term
| Describe the five stages in the stages of change model. Give examples of behavior that might occur in each stage. |
|
Definition
1) precontemplation: people in this stage are not considering changing, at least during the next several months or so; maybe have never thought about it
2) contemplation: during this stage people are aware a problem exists and are seriously considering changing to a healthier behavior within the next several months but not yet
3) preparation: individuals ready to change and plan to pursue a beavhioral goal in the next month; may have tried to reach goal in past year but were unsuccessful (reduced smoking in half but not totally yet)
4) action: this stage spans a period of time, usually 6 months, from the start of peoples successful and active effects to change a behavior
5) maintenance: work to maintain the successful behavioral changes they achieved; this stage can last indefinitely; about a six month assessment |
|
|
Term
| Define motivated reasoning. How does the process of motivated reasoning affect decisions about health behavior? |
|
Definition
peoples desires and preferences influence the judgements they make of the validity and utility of new information through a process
-individuals who prefer to reach a particular conclusion, such as to continue to eat fatty foods, will use biased cognitive processes; they search for reasons to accept supportive info and discount disconfirming info |
|
|
Term
| According to conflict theory how do perceptions of risks, hope and adequate time affect decision making. |
|
Definition
conflict theory: a model to account for both rational and irrational decision making and stress is an important factor
produce diff coping patterns which are:
1) hypervigilance: see serious risks in their current behavior AND those alternatives they have considered; if they believe they can find a better solution but are running out of time: high stress; may choose another alternative solution
2) vigilance: perceive serious risks in all possibility but believe they may find a better alternative and have time to search; only moderate levels of stress; choose carefully |
|
|
Term
| Describe the biological and behavioral factors that may explain the shorter life expectancy of males than females. |
|
Definition
physiological: blood pressure and stress hormones when under stress is greater in men than women
estrogen appears to delay heart disease by reducing cholesterol levels and platelet clotting
men smoke and drink more
males less likely than females to consult a physician
work environments of males are more hazardous than those of females |
|
|
Term
| Compare African American infant mortality in the United States with infant mortality in Cuba and white infant mortality the United States. |
|
Definition
| a baby born in cuba stands a better chance of reaching age 1 than a black baby born in america |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| instance of backsliding; occasional cigarette |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| falling back to ones original pattern of the undesirable behavior |
|
|
Term
| abstinence violation effect |
|
Definition
| for many people who quit a bheavior, such as smoking, experiencing a lapse can destroy their confidence in remaining absitnent and precipitate a full relapse |
|
|
Term
| *Write a succinct Health Psychology definition for "Health Behavior" |
|
Definition
| any activity people perform to maintain or improve their health, regardless of their perceived health status or whether the behavior actually achieves that goal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any activity people undertake to maintain or improve current good health and avoid illness
ex: eating healthful diets, having regular dental checkups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any activity people who are ill undertake to determine the problem and find a remedy
ex: complaining, seeking help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any activity people undertake to get well after deciding that they are ill and what the illness is
ex: they are exempt from normal obligations such as work or school |
|
|
Term
| Explain why people’s health behaviors are not more stable and strongly linked to each other. |
|
Definition
1) health habits change over time
2) particular health behaviors are not strongly tied to each other--that is if we know a person does one habit, they may not do anotehr
3) are not governed by a single set of attributes--for example a girl may wear a seat belt to be safe but watch her weight to be attractive and not smoke bc shes allergic
EXPLANATION:
-various factors at any given time in peoples lives may differentially affect different behaviors; ex: people encourage them to eat too much
-people change as a result of experience; ex: grandmother dies of lung cancer
-peoples life circumstances change; ex: its too expensive to eat too much |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
actions taken to avoid disease or injury
ex: seat belts, exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actions taken to identify and treat an illness or injury early w the aim of stopping or reversing the problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actions to contain or retard this damage, prevent disability or recurrence, and rehabilitate the patient |
|
|
Term
| Discuss how reinforcement, extinction, punishment and modeling affect health-related behavior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when we do something that brings a pleasant, wanted or satisfying consequence the tendency to repeat that behavior is increased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
if the consequences that maintain a behavior are eliminated, the response tendency gradually weakens
ex: if money is no longer given after child brushes their teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when we do something that brings an unwanted consequence, the behavior tends to be suppressed
ex: child who gets a scolding from his parents for playing w matches |
|
|
Term
| *Define habitual behavior. Explain why habitual behaviors are so hard to change. |
|
Definition
habitual behavior is performed automatically and without awareness, such as when a smoker catches a glimpse of a pack of cigarettes and absentmindedly starts smoking one
-becomes less dependent on consequences and more dependent on an antecedent
-an antecedent is something that precedes the habit and sets the occasion: such as i must have a cigarette w breakfast |
|
|
Term
| According to the health belief model what two types of assessments determine whether a person will take preventive action? |
|
Definition
1) perceived threat
2) perceived benefits and barriers: the pros and cons |
|
|
Term
| According to the theory of planned behavior, what determines peoples intentions to perform a behavior? |
|
Definition
people decide their intention in advance of most voluntary behaviors and intentions are the best predictors of what people will do
-three judgements determines people intentions:
1) attitude regarding the behavior; ex: exercising is a good thing to do
2) subjective norm; ex: the judgement reflects the impact of social pressure or influence on the behaviors acceptability or appropriateness
3) perceived behavioral control; the persons expectation of success in performing the contemplated behavior |
|
|
Term
| *State a general weakness shared by the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior. |
|
Definition
| people do not always do what they intend to do or what they perceive they should do |
|
|
Term
| Describe the five stages in the stages of change model. Give examples of behavior that might occur in each stage. |
|
Definition
1) precontemplation: people in this stage are not considering changing, at least during the next several months or so; maybe have never thought about it
2) contemplation: during this stage people are aware a problem exists and are seriously considering changing to a healthier behavior within the next several months but not yet
3) preparation: individuals ready to change and plan to pursue a beavhioral goal in the next month; may have tried to reach goal in past year but were unsuccessful (reduced smoking in half but not totally yet)
4) action: this stage spans a period of time, usually 6 months, from the start of peoples successful and active effects to change a behavior
5) maintenance: work to maintain the successful behavioral changes they achieved; this stage can last indefinitely; about a six month assessment |
|
|
Term
| Define motivated reasoning. How does the process of motivated reasoning affect decisions about health behavior? |
|
Definition
peoples desires and preferences influence the judgements they make of the validity and utility of new information through a process
-individuals who prefer to reach a particular conclusion, such as to continue to eat fatty foods, will use biased cognitive processes; they search for reasons to accept supportive info and discount disconfirming info |
|
|
Term
| According to conflict theory how do perceptions of risks, hope and adequate time affect decision making. |
|
Definition
conflict theory: a model to account for both rational and irrational decision making and stress is an important factor
produce diff coping patterns which are:
1) hypervigilance: see serious risks in their current behavior AND those alternatives they have considered; if they believe they can find a better solution but are running out of time: high stress; may choose another alternative solution
2) vigilance: perceive serious risks in all possibility but believe they may find a better alternative and have time to search; only moderate levels of stress; choose carefully |
|
|
Term
| Describe the biological and behavioral factors that may explain the shorter life expectancy of males than females. |
|
Definition
physiological: blood pressure and stress hormones when under stress is greater in men than women
estrogen appears to delay heart disease by reducing cholesterol levels and platelet clotting
men smoke and drink more
males less likely than females to consult a physician
work environments of males are more hazardous than those of females |
|
|
Term
| Compare African American infant mortality in the United States with infant mortality in Cuba and white infant mortality the United States. |
|
Definition
| a baby born in cuba stands a better chance of reaching age 1 than a black baby born in america |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| instance of backsliding; occasional cigarette |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| falling back to ones original pattern of the undesirable behavior |
|
|
Term
| abstinence violation effect |
|
Definition
| for many people who quit a bheavior, such as smoking, experiencing a lapse can destroy their confidence in remaining absitnent and precipitate a full relapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition, produced by repeated consumption of a natural or synthetic psychoactive substance in which the person has become physically and psychology dependent on the substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binge drinking five or more times in a month |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consuming five or more drinks on a single occasion at least once in a 30 day period |
|
|
Term
*What two factors appear to have the strongest influence on whether teenagers
try drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tranquilizers, barbiturates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opiates, morphine codeine, heroine
-sedatives that relieve pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which the body increasingly adapts to a substance and requires larger and larger doses of it to achieve the same effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unpleasant physical and psycholigcal symptoms people experience when they discontinue or markedly decrease use of a substance which they have become dependent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the body has adjusted to the substance and has incorporated it into the normal functioning of the tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a state in which individuals feel compelled to use a substance for the effect it produces without being necessarily physically dependent on it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-faling to fulfill obligations
-having substance related legal difficulties
-putting oneself and others at repeated risk for physical injury |
|
|
Term
| *How does smoking harm the lungs? |
|
Definition
| the smoke goes into the bronchial tubes which causes irritation and the proliferation of more cells. the cilia which line the surface begin to slow their movement or disappear |
|
|
Term
Trace changes in conceptions of the relationship between mind and body from Hippocrates through the biopsychosocial perspective. You should include the
changes brought about by Galen, St Thomas, Aquinas, Descartes, and the biomedical model. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-believed the body contained four fluids called humors; when they are balanced the body is in a state of health; disease occurs if the mixture is faulty
-recommended eating a good diet |
|
|
Term
| Greek philosophers and plato |
|
Definition
proposed that the mind and body were separate entities
-mind has no relationship to the health of the body
-this brought up the mind/body problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -a highly respected physician believed the humoral theory and mind body split but said that illnesses can be localized and different diseases have different effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rejected this and said that the mind and body were not separate
-renewed interest in the subject after a long pause because the church said that illness was gods way of punishing and that the body should not be dissected |
|
|
Term
| during the renaissance/descartes |
|
Definition
renewed interest in medicine; more human centered than god centered
-mind and body were separate entities but:
1) the body is a machine
2) the mind and body could communicate through the pineal gland
3) animals have no soul and the soul in humans leaves the body at death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
science and medicine evolved, discovered microorganisms cause disease which rejected the humoral theory
-surgery flourished w antiseptic techniques and anesthesia
-proposes that all diseases or physical disorders can be explained by disturbances in physiological processes
-separate from the mind |
|
|
