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document of negotiations btwn barons & King John
§ Barons (direct vassals of king) demanded John change his ways of governing after failing to recover his lands in France.
§ Original purpose: English barons wanted to protect themselves (feudal rights).
§ Guarantee of basic rights:
o No taxation without representation
o Due process of law: right to jury trial & protection of the law
§ Idea of limited monarchy: barons forced king to recognize limits on his powers.
o He must follow the established laws & customs of the land. |
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legislative group formed from 2 burgesses from every country.
§ To raise taxes for war against France, Edward needed support of all influential groups-townspeople, as well as barons.
§ Model Parliament: famous gathering btwn knights, burgesses, bishops & lords
§ Royal tool that weakened great lords as townspeople sided w/ king.
§ Later, Parliament became strong enough that it provided a check on royal power.
§ Truly a national assembly. Members put loyalty to England ahead of local ties |
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Popular king had a passion for justice.
§ Created supreme court for France-Parlement of Paris-overturned decisions of local courts.
o Strengthened monarchy & weakened feudal ties. |
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group of people who occupy a definite territory & are united under 1 gov’t.
§ Culturally united & have a feeling of belonging together, sense of loyalty to country
§ Defined borders
§ Kings of each country were more powerful than feudal lords beneath them
§ In both countries, middle classes (townspeople) won larger share of political power |
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Italian pope in 1300
§ Tried to force rulers of Europe to obey him as they had obeyed earlier popes
§ 1296-issued bull (official statements by pope) stating kings were not to tax clergy. |
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Another bull issued by Boniface-1302
§ Declared there are 2 powers on earth, the temporal (earthly) & spiritual (heavenly).
§ Spiritual power was always supreme over temporal power = kings must always obey popes. |
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After Boniface, pope not able to force monarchs to obey him. 1300-1417: papacy declined.
French Philip IV (fought w/ Boniface) persuaded cardinals to choose a French as new pope. |
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| where the new French pope, Clement V, moved papacy. On borders of France. |
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period in Church history when Avignon was home to pope.
§ Many people concluded that Avignon popes were hirelings of French king.
§ Complained Church was held captive in Avignon as Jews were captive in Babylon. |
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Split in Church due to two popes. 1378-1417
§ 1378-cardinals chose to elect Italian pope: Pope Urban VI Ù kept papacy in Rome.
§ Cardinals regretted this choice Ù 13 French cardinals decided to elect another pope.
§ 2 popes. Each declared other false. Each excommunicated his rival.
o French pope in Avignon vs. Italian pope in Rome
§ Churchmen at all levels excommunicated each others. |
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Englishman. Ideas:
§ True head of Church was Jesus Christ, not the pope.
§ Like Jesus & his disciples, the clergy (Church officials) should own no land/wealth.
§ Bible alone, not the pope, was the final authority for Christian life.
§ Translated New Testament into English so that an English Christian could read it. |
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Bohemian. Burned at the stake.
§ Taught that authority of Bible was higher than that of pope.
§ Became a spokesman for Czech national feeling, in addition to religious reform.
§ Preached sermons in Czech, not Latin. |
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1000-1300: temperatures were warmer than average in Europe.
§ Glaciers advanced over Greenland & parts of Scandinavia. Fall frosts came early.
§ Shorter growing season Ù smaller harvests & reduced food supply Ù hunger. |
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struck in 1347. Ships from Asia carried a disease. Killed 1/3 of Euro. pop.
§ Swept through Italy Ù followed trade routes to France, Germany, England, etc.
§ Terrible sanitary conditions of Europe = important cause of high death rate.
§ Tore medieval society apart. Church failed.
§ Decline in pop. Ù no workers Ù serfs could demand wages Ù serfdom disappears. |
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1337-1453. Broke out b/c of English king’s claims to French lands.
2 new weapons caused revolution in warfare & society: |
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§ Gave England its early victories in war.
§ Knocked out finest French cavalry. Victors were English foot soldiers.
§ Age of feudalism based on power of warriors on horseback could not survive |
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2nd weapon that battered down feudal system
§ Both sides used cannons to batter down walls of each other’s castles.
§ The castle also became an outdated relic. |
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feeling of loyalty to one’s own land & people. Cuts across class lines.
§ During Hundred Years’ War, people of all classes rejoiced at king’s victories. |
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French girl moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors.
§ Changed a pathetic prince into a king (Charles VII).
§ Led the French army to victory in the Battle of Orleans
§ Awakened the national spirit of the defeated French people
§ Condemned as witch & burned at the stake. 500 years later-declared a saint. |
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English civil beginning in 1455.
§ 2 branches of royal family claimed the English crown.
§ 1 branch-dukes of York-took white rose as emblem
§ Other branch-dukes of Lancaster-had red rose as symbol
§ Last battle was a turning point for England. Richard III = last medieval king. |
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Family = Tudor. Defeated Richard III.
§ Ruled as new monarch: strong rulers (1450-1500)-didn’t base power on feudalism.
o 3 important new sources of power: control of taxes, professional army, professional officials.
§ Made himself richest man in England from feudal dues, taxes on imported goods.
§ Encouraged trade & made treaties w/ other rulers to open new markets for merchants
§ To safeguard his money, did not keep a standing army. |
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used by Henry VII to destroy over-might subjects.
§ Met in secret. People accused of crimes had no right to know evidence being used against them. People were tortured to confess.
§ English accepted this b/c Henry used it to keep peace after years of strife |
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| Centuries-long effort to drive the Muslims (Moors) out of Spain. |
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Ruled Spain as “new monarchs”
§ Isabella-heir to throne of Castile & Ferdinand-heir to Aragon married.
§ Linked religion closely w/ Spanish nationalism. “True Spaniard” = “True Christian”
§ Ended Spain’s religious tolerance. Revived the Inquisition.
o Expulsion of the Jews. |
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| § 1482-Ferdinand & Isabella conquered last Muslim kingdom, Granada w/ Christian army. |
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| Ivan III of Russia: Ivan the Great |
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Made Russia a true empire. 43-year-reign.
§ 1st czar-Russian word for Caesar or emperor
§ 1480-freed Moscow from the Mongols by refusing to pay tribute.
§ 1st leader of a united Russian nation. |
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Russian nobles, often minor princes.
§ Like the feudal lords of western Europe, held large estates.
§ Opposed the growing power of Russia’s czars like feudal lords struggled w/ kings |
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1547-crowned czar.
§ Struggled for power with boyars after they imprisoned him.
§ “Good period”: Gave Russia a code of laws & won great victories against Mongols
§ “Bad period”: insane, cruel, brutal against the boyars, rage. |
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| Built by Ivan IV in Moscow to celebrate his victories over Mongols. |
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