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Chapter 11
Digestive System
206
Health Care
Undergraduate 4
04/10/2011

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Term
mouth
Definition
opening through which food passes into the body; breaks food into small particles by mastication (chewing) and mixing with saliva
Term
tongue
Definition
consists mostly of skeletal muscle; attached in the posterior region of the mouth. It provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing, and is a major organ for taste and speech.
Term
palate
Definition
separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
Term
soft palate
Definition
posterior portion of the palate, not supported by bone
Term
hard palate
Definition
anterior portion of the palate, supported by bone
Term
uvula
Definition
soft V-shaped mass that extends from the palate into the throat
Term
pharynx, throat
Definition
performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus
Term
esophagus
Definition
10-inch (25-cm) tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
Term
stomach
Definition
J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food. It secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones for local communication control.
Term
cardia
Definition
area around the opening of the esophagus
Term
fundus
Definition
uppermost domed portion of the stomach
Term
body (stomach)
Definition
central portion of the stomach
Term
pylorus
Definition
lower part of the stomach that connects to the small intestine
Term
antrum
Definition
portion of the pylorus that connects to the body of the stomach
Term
pyloric sphincter
Definition
ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
Term
small intestine
Definition
20-foot (6-m) canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine
Term
duodenum
Definition
first 10 to 12 inches (25 cm) of the small intestine
Term
jejunum
Definition
second portion of the small intestine, approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) long
Term
ileum
Definition
third portion of the small intestine, approximately 11 feet (3.3 m) long, which connects with the large intestine
Term
large intestine
Definition
canal that is approximately 5 feet (1.5 m) long and extends from the ileum to the anus
Term
cecum
Definition
blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine
Term
colon
Definition
next portion of the large intestine. The colon is divided into four parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon.
Term
rectum
Definition
remaining portion of the large intestine, approximately 8 to 10 inches (20 cm) long, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus
Term
anus
Definition
sphincter muscle (ring-like band of muscle fiber that keeps an opening tight) at the end of the digestive tract
Term
salivary glands
Definition
produce saliva, which flows into the mouth
Term
liver
Definition
produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats. This organ performs many other functions concerned with digestion and metabolism.
Term
bile ducts
Definition
passageways that carry bile: the hepatic duct is a passageway for bile from the liver, and the cystic ducts carries bile from the gallbladder. They join to form the common duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum
Term
gallbladder
Definition
small, saclike structure that stores bile
Term
pancreas
Definition
produces pancreatic juice, which helps digestion all types of food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism
Term
peritoneum
Definition
serous sac lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Term
appendix
Definition
small pouch, which has no function in digestion, attached to the cecum
Term
abdomen
Definition
portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis
Term
an/o
Definition
anus
Term
antr/o
Definition
antrum
Term
cec/o
Definition
cecum
Term
col/o, colon/o
Definition
colon (usually denoting large intestine)
Term
duoden/o
Definition
duodenum
Term
enter/o
Definition
intestine (usually denoting small intestine)
Term
esophag/o
Definition
esophagus
Term
gastr/o
Definition
stomach
Term
ile/o
Definition
ileum
Term
jejun/o
Definition
jejunum
Term
or/o, stomat/o
Definition
mouth
Term
proct/o, rect/o
Definition
rectum
Term
sigmoid/o
Definition
sigmoid colon
Term
abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o
Definition
abdomen (abdominal cavity)
Term
appendic/o
Definition
appendix
Term
cheil/o
Definition
lip
Term
cholangi/o
Definition
bile duct
Term
chol/e
Definition
gall, bile
Term
choledoch/o
Definition
common bile duct
Term
diverticul/o
Definition
diverticulum, or blind pouch, extending from a hollow organ
Term
gingiv/o
Definition
gum
Term
gloss/o, lingu/o
Definition
tongue
Term
hepat/o
Definition
liver
Term
herni/o
Definition
hernia, or protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall
Term
palat/o
Definition
palate
Term
pancreat/o
Definition
pancreas
Term
peritone/o
Definition
peritoneum
Term
polyp/o
Definition
polyp, small growth
Term
pylor/o
Definition
pylorus, pyloric spincter
Term
sial/o
Definition
saliva, salivary gland
Term
uvul/o
Definition
uvula
Term
hemi-
Definition

half

(prefix)

Term
-pepsia
Definition

digestion

(suffix)

Term
appendicitis
Definition
inflammation of the appendix
Term
cholangioma
Definition
tumor of the bile duct
Term
cholecystitis
Definition
inflammation of the gallblader
Term
choledocholithiasis
Definition
condition of stones in the common bile duct
Term
cholelithiasis
Definition
condition of gallstones
Term
diverticulitis
Definition
inflammation of the diverticulum
Term
diverticulosis
Definition
abnormal condition of having diverticula
Term
esophagitis
Definition
inflammation of the esophagus
Term
gastritis
Definition
inflammation of the stomach
Term
gastroenteritis
Definition
inflammation of the stomach and intestines
Term
gastroenterocolitis
Definition
inflammation of the stomach, intestines, and colon
Term
gingivitis
Definition
inflammation of the gums
Term
hepatitis
Definition
inflammation of the liver
Term
hepatoma
Definition
tumor of the liver
Term
palatitis
Definition
inflammation of the palate
Term
pancreatitis
Definition
inflammation of the pancreas
Term
peritonitis
Definition
inflammation of the peritoneum
Term
polyposis
Definition
abnormal condition of (multiple) polyps (in the mucous membrane of the intestine, especially the colon; high potential for malignancy)
Term
proctoptosis
Definition
prolapse of the rectum
Term
rectocele
Definition
protrusion of the rectum
Term
sialolith
Definition
stone in the salivary gland
Term
uvulitis
Definition
inflammation of the uvula
Term
adhesion
Definition
abnormal growing together of two surfaces that normally are separated. This may occur after abdominal surgery; surgical treatment is called adhesiolysis or adhesiotomy
Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition
psychoneurotic disorder characterized by a prolonged refusal to eat, resulting in emaciation, amenorrhea in females, and abnormal fear of becoming obese. It occurs primarily in adolescents.
Term
cirrhosis
Definition
chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells, most commonly caused by alcoholism
Term
Crohn disease
Definition
chronic inflammation usually affecting the ileum, although it an affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by cobblestone ulcerations along the intestinal wall and the formation of scar tissue may cause obstruction. It is also called regional ileitis or regional enteritis
Term
duodenal ulcer
Definition
ulcer in the duodenum
Term
gastric ulcer
Definition
ulcer in the stomach
Term
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Definition
the abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, gradually breaking down the mucous barrier of the esophagus
Term
ileus
Definition
obstruction of the intestine, often caused by failure of peristalsis
Term
intussusception
Definition
telescoping of a segment of the intestine
Term
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Definition
periodic disturbances of bowel function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain
Term
obesity
Definition
excess of body fat (not body weight)
Term
peptic ulcer
Definition
another name for gastric or duodenal ulcer
Term
polyp
Definition
tumor-like growth extending outward from a mucous membrane. Usually benign; common sites are in the nose, throat, and intestines
Term
ulcerative colitis
Definition
inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers. The main symptom is diarrhea; as many as 15 to 20 stools per day. An ileostomy may be performed to treat this condition.
Term
volvulus
Definition
twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction
Term
abdominoplasty
Definition
surgical repair of the abdomen
Term
anoplasty
Definition
surgical repair of the anus
Term
antrectomy
Definition
excision of the antrum
Term
appendectomy
Definition
excision of the appendix
Term
celiotomy
Definition
incision into the abdominal cavity
Term
cheilorrhaphy
Definition
suture of the lip
Term
cholecystectomy
Definition
excision of the gallbladder
Term
choledocholithotomy
Definition
incision into the common bile duct to remove a stone
Term
colectomy
Definition
excision of the colon
Term
colostomy
Definition
creation of an artificial opening into the colon (through the abdominal wall). (Used for the passage of stool. A colostomy, which creates a mouth-like opening on the abdominal wall called a stoma, may be permanent or temporary and performed as treatment for bowel obstruction, cancer, or diverticulitis)
Term
diverticulectomy
Definition
excision of a diverticulum
Term
enterorrhaphy
Definition
suture of the intestine
Term
esophagogastroplasty
Definition
surgical repair of he esophagus and the stomach
Term
gastrectomy
Definition
excision of the stomach (or part of the stomach)
Term
gastrojejunostomy
Definition
creation of an artificial opening between the stomach and jejunum
Term
gastroplasty
Definition
surgical repair of the stomach
Term
gastrostomy
Definition
creation of an artificial opening into the stomach (through the abdominal wall). (A tube is inserted through the opening for administration of food when swallowing is impossible).
Term
gingivectomy
Definition
surgical removal of gum (tissue)
Term
glossorrhaphy
Definition
suture of the tongue
Term
hemicolectomy
Definition
excision of half of the colon
Term
herniorrhaphy
Definition
suturing of a hernia (for repair)
Term
ileostomy
Definition
creation of an artificial opening into the ileum (through the abdominal wall creating a stoma, a mouth-like opening on the abdominal wall). (Used for the passage of stool. It is performed for ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, or cancer).
Term
laparotomy
Definition
incision into the abdomen
Term
palatoplasty
Definition
surgical repair of the palate
Term
polypectomy
Definition
excision of a polyp
Term
pyloromyotomy
Definition
incision into the pyloric muscle
Term
pyloroplasty
Definition
surgical repair of the pylorus
Term
uvulectomy
Definition
excision of the uvula
Term
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)
Definition
surgical repair of the uvula, palate, and pharynx (performed to correct obstructive sleep apnea)
Term
abdominoperineal resection (A&P resectino)
Definition
removal of the colon and rectum through both abdominal and perineal approaches. Performed to treat colorectal cancer and inflammatory diseases of the lower large intestine. The patient will have a colostomy
Term
anastomosis
Definition
surgical connection between two normally distinct structures
Term
vagotomy
Definition
cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers
Term
cholangiogram
Definition
x-ray image of bile ducts. (An injection of radiopaque material is used to outline the ducts)
Term
cholecystogram
Definition
x-ray image of the gallbladder. (Oral cholecystogram is still used to diagnose cholelithiasis, but ultrasound is now the method of choice)
Term
CT colonography
Definition
x-ray imaging of the colon
Term
colonoscope
Definition
instrument used for visual examination of the colon
Term
colonoscopy
Definition
visual examination of the colon
Term
endoscope
Definition
instrument used for visual examination within a hollow organ
Term
endoscopy
Definition
visual examination within a hollow organ
Term
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
Definition
visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
Term
esophagoscope
Definition
instrument for visual examination of the esophagus
Term
esophagoscopy
Definition
visual examination of the esophagus
Term
gastroscope
Definition
instrument used for visual examination of the stomach
Term
gastroscopy
Definition
visual examination of the stomach
Term
laparoscope
Definition
instrument used for visual examination of the abdominal cavity
Term
laparoscopy
Definition
visual examination of the abdominal cavity
Term
proctoscope
Definition
instrument used for visual examination of the rectum
Term
protoscopy
Definition
visual examination of the rectum
Term
sigmoidoscope
Definition
instrument used for visual examination of the sigmoid colon
Term
sigmoidoscopy
Definition
visual examination of the sigmoid colon
Term
barium enema (BE)
Definition
series of x-ray images taken of the large intestine after a barium enema has been administered.
Term
upper GI (gastrointestinal) series
Definition
series of x-ray images taken of the stomach and duodenum after barium has been swallowed.
Term
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Definition
radiographic (x-ray) examination of the bile and pancreatic ducts with contrast medium, fluoroscopy, and endoscopy
Term
endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
Definition
a procedure using an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound probe that provides images of layers of the intestinal wall. Used to detect tumors and cystic growths and for staging of malignant tumors.
Term
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies test
Definition
a blood test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria. The bacteria can be found in the lining of the stomach and can cause peptic ulcers. Tests for H. pylori are also performed on biopsy specimens and by breath test.
Term
fecal occult blood test (guaiac test)
Definition
a test to detect occult blood in feces. It is used to screen for colon cancer or polyps. Occult blood refers to blood that is present but can only be viewed microscopically. Trade names for commercial test kits include: Hema-Check, Colo-Rect, and Hematest.
Term
abdominal
Definition
pertaining to the abdomen
Term
abdominocentesis
Definition
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdominal cavity (paracentesis)
Term
anal
Definition
pertaining to the anus
Term
aphagia
Definition
without swallowing (inability to)
Term
colorectal
Definition
pertaining to the colon and rectum
Term
dyspepsia
Definition
difficult digestion (often used to describe GI symptoms)
Term
dysphagia
Definition
difficult swallowing
Term
gastrodynia
Definition
pain in the stomach
Term
gastroenterologist
Definition
a physician who studies and treats diseases of the stomach and intestines (GI tract and accessory organs)
Term
gastroenterology
Definition
study of the stomach and intestines (a branch of medicine that deals with treating diseases of the GI tract and accessory organs)
Term
gastromalacia
Definition
softening of the stomach
Term
glossopathy
Definition
disease of the tongue
Term
ileocecal
Definition
pertaining to the ileum and cecum
Term
nasogastric
Definition
pertaining to the nose and stomach
Term
oral
Definition
pertaining to the mouth
Term
pancreatic
Definition
pertaining to the pancreas
Term
peritoneal
Definition
pertaining to the peritoneum
Term
proctologist
Definition
physician who studies and treats diseases of the rectum
Term
proctology
Definition
study of the rectum (branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the rectum and anus)
Term
rectal
Definition
pertaining to the rectum (a branch of medicine that deals with treating diseases of the rectum)
Term
stomatogastric
Definition
pertaining to the mouth and stomach
Term
sublingual
Definition
pertaining to under the tongue
Term
ascites
Definition
abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Term
diarrhea
Definition
frequent discharge of liquid stool
Term
dysentery
Definition
disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain
Term
feces
Definition
waste from the digestive tract expelled through the rectum (bowel movement, stool, fecal matter)
Term
flatus
Definition
gas in the digestive tract or expelled through the anus
Term
gastric lavage
Definition
washing out of the stomach
Term
gavage
Definition
process of feeding a person through a nasogastric tube
Term
hematemesis
Definition
vomiting of blood
Term
melena
Definition
black, tarry stool that contains digestion blood. Usually a result of bleeding in the upper GI tract.
Term
nausea
Definition
urge to vomit
Term
peristalsis
Definition
involuntary wavelike contracts that propel food along the digestive tract
Term
reflux
Definition
abnormal backward flow. In esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus.
Term
vomit
Definition
matter expelled from the stomach through the mouth (vomitus or emesis)
Term
A&P resection
Definition

abdominoperineal resection

(suffix)

Term
BE
Definition

barium enema

(suffix)

Term
EGD
Definition

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

(suffix)

Term
ERCP
Definition

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

(suffix)

Term
EUS
Definition

endoscopic ultrasound

(suffix)

Term
GERD
Definition

gastroesophageal reflux disease

(suffix)

Term
GI
Definition

gastrointestinal

(suffix)

Term
H. pylori
Definition

Helicobacter pylori

(suffix)

Term
IBS
Definition

irritable bowel syndrome

(suffix)

Term
N&V
Definition

nausea and vomiting

(suffix)

Term
PEG
Definition

percutaneous endoscopic gasrostomy

(suffix)

Term
UGI
Definition

upper gastrointestinal

(suffix)

Term
UPPP
Definition

uvulopalatopharygoplasty

(suffix)

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