Term
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Definition
1. Chemical level - atoms combine to form molecules
2. Cellular level - cells made of molecules
3. Tissue level - made of cell types
4. Organ level - made of tissues
5. Organ system level - consists of organs working together
6. Organismal level - made of organ systems |
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Term
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Definition
1. Maintain boundaries between internal & external environments
2. Movement - of body parts/muscles
3. Responsiveness - sense & respond to stimuli (i.e breathing rate)
4. Digestion - breakdown food
5. Metabolism - chem rxns occur in body cells
6. Excretion - waste removal from 4 &5
7. Reproduction - cell division, offspring
8. Growth - increase in size of part or organism |
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Term
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Definition
1. Nutrients for energy + cell building
2. Oxygen for ATP production through energy release
3. Water - most abundant chemical in body
4. Normal body temp to control rate of chem rxns
5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure for breathing/gas exchange in lungs |
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Term
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Definition
1. All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes so as to function within a normal range (blood pressure, fluid balance)
2. a dynamic state of equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
The response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus
examples: regulation of body temp by the nervous system or regulation of blood volume by the endocrine system |
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Term
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Definition
The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. This may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
examples: control infrequent events such as enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin or platelet plug formation and blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
Standing body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes increased risk of disease, changes with aging, destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over (i.e. heart failure) |
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Term
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Definition
| toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above |
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Term
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Definition
| away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |
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Term
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Definition
| toward or at the front of the body; in front of |
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Definition
| toward or at the back of the body; behind |
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Term
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Definition
| toward or at the midline of the body; on inner side of |
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Definition
| away from the midline of the body; outer side of |
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Term
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Definition
| between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
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Term
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Definition
| closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| farther from the origin of a body part of point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| toward or at the body surface |
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Term
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Definition
| away from the body surface; more internal |
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Term
Two major body divisions
1. Axial
2. Appendicular |
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Definition
Axial - head, neck, trunk
Appendicular - limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study |
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Term
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Definition
| a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions |
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Term
| Midsagittal (median) plane |
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Definition
| specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts |
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Term
| Transverse (horizontal) plane |
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Definition
| a plane running from right to left, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts |
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Term
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Definition
| a cut mad diagonally between the horizontal and vertical plane of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| magnetic resonance imaging produces high contrast images of soft tissues by mapping body content of hydrogen in water to produce a visual image. hydrogen molecules act as tiny magnets. *can differentiate best between tissues which means it is best for detecting tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| positron emission tomography uses injection of radioisotopes to produce gamma rays and create a live action picture of brain's biochemical activity in color *best for observing metabolic processes, mental illness, stroke, alzheimers, epilepsy |
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Term
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Definition
| computerized axial tomography uses lots of xrays from all directions (spinning) to create a picture *evaluate most problems in brain and abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
| safest; uses sound waves that cause echoes to construct blurry outlines of organs *choice in obstetrics for babies, or for scanning from different planes; little value for looking at air filled structures or ones surrounded by bone |
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Term
Dorsal cavity
*subdivisions |
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Definition
protects nervous system
Two subdivisions:
1. cranial cavity - encases brain
2. vertebral cavity - encases spinal cord |
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Term
Ventral cavity
*subdivisions |
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Definition
houses internal organs (viscera)
Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):
1. Thoracic cavity - contains heart and lungs
2. Abdominopelvic cavity - contains digestive viscera urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum |
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Term
Two subdivisions of thoracic cavity:
1. Pericardial cavity
2. Mediastinum |
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Definition
Pericardial - encloses heart
Mediastinum - contains pericardial cavity, surrounds thoracic organs |
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Term
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Definition
| contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver |
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Definition
| contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| lines internal body walls |
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Term
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Definition
| covers the internal organs |
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Term
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Definition
pedal - foot
tarsal - ankle
digital - fingers/toes
femoral - thigh
brachial - arm
sural - calf
lumbar - back
scapular - shoulder blade |
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