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| study of structure and shape of the body, its parts and their relationships to one another |
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| study of how the body and its parts work or function |
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| simplest level of the body's structural ladder; combine to form molecules |
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| composed of molecules, the smallest units of living things; varying functions, sizes, and shapes |
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| consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function (4 types: epithelial, connective, muscular, neural) |
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| structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body |
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| a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose |
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| highest level of structural organization; sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive |
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| external covering of body, the skin; waterproofs body, cushions and protects deeper tissues, excretes salts and urea, regulates body temperature, senses pain, pressure, and temperature |
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| bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints; supports body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement, protects some major organs, hematopoisis (formation of blood cells), stores minerals |
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| consists of skeletal muscles which contract to cause movement |
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| body's fast-acting control system; consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors; nerve impulses react to stimuli and send information to CNS |
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| controls body's activities through the spread of blood-bourne hormones; includes pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and testes |
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| carries nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and other substances to and from tissues; consists of heart and blood vessels |
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| consists of lymphatic vessels (return leaked fluids from blood back to the blood vessels), lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs (spleen and tonsils) which help cleanse the blood and house immune cells |
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| keeps the body constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; includes nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs |
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| tube running through the body from the mouth to the anus (oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, liver, salivary glands, pancreas, etc.) which break down food and deliver products to the blood for dispersal throughout the body and expells undigested food, reclaims water, breaks down fats, delivers enzymes for the metabolization of food |
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| consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; removes nitrogen waste from the body in urine and maintains the electrolyte balance of the body |
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| allows the body to produce offspring; males: testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system; females: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina |
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| all activities promoted by the muscular system as well as the moving of blood, foodstuffs, and urine propelled by other systems |
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| responsiveness/irritability |
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| ability to sense stimuli in the environment and then react to them; primarily associated with the nervous system |
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| process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood |
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| all chemical reactions that occur within body cells; regulated by hormones |
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| process of removing wastes from the body |
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| production of offspring on a cellular level or an organismal level |
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| increase in size usually accomplished by an increase in number of cells; directed by hormones |
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| contain the chemicals used for energy and cell building, found in food |
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| element necessary for chemical reactions and cellular funcitons by the human body; obtained through the respiratory system and spread through the body by the cardiovascular system |
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| 37 degrees celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. necessary for chemical reactions to occur at the correct rate |
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| force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of the air; appropriate levels determine how much oxygen can be absorbed into the body |
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| the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is constantly changing |
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| sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment |
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| determines a set point a which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action |
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| provides means for the control center's rsponse (output) to the stimulus |
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| negative feedback mechanisms |
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| works to shut off or reduce a stimulus's intensity; most typical homeostatic control mechanism |
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| positve feedback mechanisms |
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| rare mechanism; increase original stimulus and push the variable farther from its original value; childbirth and blood clotting are examples |
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| disturbance in homeostasis that is usually a disease |
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| standard position to identify location or relative location of a body part |
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| terms that allow medical personnel and anatomists to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another when in anatomical position |
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| superior (cranial or cephalad) |
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| toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above |
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| away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |
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| toward the front of the body; in front of |
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| toward or at the backside of the body; behind |
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| toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of |
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| away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |
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| between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
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| close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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| farther away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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| toward or at the surface of the body |
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| away from the body surface; more internal |
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| anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs |
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| anterior surface of the elbow |
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| curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle |
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| area where thigh meets body trunk; groin |
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| area overlying the pelvis anteriorly |
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| area of back between the ribs and hips; the loin |
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| posterior surface of head or base of skull |
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| posterior surface of elbow |
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| posterior surface of leg; the calf |
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| sole of the foot on the inferior surface of the body |
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| cut of body which reveals different angles of organs |
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| when a section is made through the body wall or through an organ, it is made along this imaginary line |
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| cut along the lengthwise, or longitundial, plane of the body, dividing the body into right and left parts. |
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| median/midsagittal section |
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| sagittal section which is down the median plane of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size |
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| cut along a lengthwise plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts |
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| transverse section/ cross section |
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| cut along the horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts |
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| posterior cavity which contains the continuous cranial cavity and spinal cavity |
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| cavity which houses the brain |
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| cavity which houses the spinal cord |
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| larger, anterior body cavity which houses the structures in the chest and abdomen; subdivided into the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity |
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| superior cavity spearated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm; houses the lungs, heart, etc. |
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| dome shaped muscle which separates the thoracic cavity from the rest of the ventral cavity |
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| central region which spearates the lungs into right and left cavitiesin the thoracic cavity; houses the heart, trachea, and other visceral organs |
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| cavity inferior to the diaphragm, the larger portion of the ventral cavity; subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity |
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| superior part of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs |
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| inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum |
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| centermost region of the abdominopelvic cavity; deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel); contains small intestine and transverse colon of the large intestine |
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| superior to the umbilical region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains the stomach |
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| hypogastric (pubic) region |
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| inferior to the umbilical region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains the urinary bladder |
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| right iliac (inguinal) region |
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| lateral (right) to the hypogastric region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains cecum and appendix |
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| left iliac (inguinal) region |
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| lateral (left) to the hypogastric region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains initial part of sigmoid colon |
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| lateral (right) to the ubilical region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains ascending colon of the larg intestine |
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| lateral (left) to the umbilical region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains descending colon of the large intestine |
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| right hypochondriac region |
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| lateral (right) to the epigastric region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains liver and gallbladder |
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| left hypochondriac region |
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| lateral (left) to the epigastric region of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains part of the stomach |
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| oral and digestive cavities |
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| mouth (teeth and tongue) and digestive organs which opens to the exterior at the anus |
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| located within and posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system passageways |
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| in skull and house the eyes, positioning them to present anterior |
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| just medial to the eardrums; contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the inner ear |
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| refined version of an x ray which produces thin sections of internal organs |
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| dynamic spatial reconstruction (DSR) |
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| provides 3D images of body organs from any angle |
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| digital subtraction angiography (DSA) |
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| provides an unobstructed view of diseased blood vessels by combining images of plain blood vessels with images of blood vessels injected with contrast and subtracting the differences |
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| positron emission tomography (PET) |
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| observes metabolic processes by injections of short-lived radioisotopes and observing the rate at which they are absorbed and produce gamma radiation |
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| ultrasound imaging (ultrasonography) |
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| using sound waves to create images of internal organs; most often used for abodominal observation and fetal identification |
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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| uses powerful magnetic fields to look at tissues by targeting hydrogen molecules |
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| magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) |
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| maps distribution of elements other than hydrogen to reveal more about how disease changes body chemistry |
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| allows tracking of blood flow into the brain in real time by using magnetism |
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