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| Changes over time in the physical structure, thought, or behavior as a result of bio and environ influence |
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| Developmental Psychologists |
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| Primary interests focus on the study of developmental processes and events |
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| A discreet period of the lifespan during which predictable changes occur |
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| Genetic, neurological, or physical conditions that affect the development of an individual |
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| The specific situations that an individual experiences and that influence behavior and development |
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| A broad context that includes both social and cultural influences |
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| Developmental changes that are linked closely to biological events |
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| Developmental changes that are dependent on a person's interactions with the environment |
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A culture where the group takes precedence over the individual
*Cooperation and group achievement are stressed over competition and individual achievement |
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A culture where competition predominates over cooperation and personal achievement is typically valued more highly than group achievement.
*Individual freedom and choice receive strong emphasis |
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| Those aspects of development that involve changes in physical shape and size, as well as changes in brain structure, sensory capabilities, and motor skills |
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acquisition of skills in perceiving, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving skills
*Also, intricate development and use of language |
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| Acquiring relatively stable and enduring traits, as well as a sense of self as an individual |
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| focus on socialization and enculturation |
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| Teachings by parents and others about how to fit in the function in society |
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| Learning about culture by observing and absorbing rather than being taught |
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| An organized, coherent set of ideas that helps us to understand, to explain, and to make predictions |
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The results from a scientific investigation.
*Often expressed as numbers |
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| The entire arrangement of all human genes |
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| Developmental neuroscience** |
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| study of development of brain structures and the relationship between brain structures and functions and behavior and development |
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| Process by which species change across generations |
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| Theory of survival of the fittest |
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| Emphasizes unconscious processes and importance of early childhood development |
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| Erikson's view that social interactions with others shape the development of personality |
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| View that focus of psychology should be on observable behavior |
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| Learning where association is learned between an environmental event and the stimulus-response reflex |
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| occurs when an organism is rewarded or punished |
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| Emphasizes influence of others' social behavior on us |
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| Cognitive-developmental theory** |
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| Focuses on thinking, reasoning, and problem solving |
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| Organisms adapt to become more successful |
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| Incorporating new information into existing schemas |
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| Requires schemas to change when a new object doesn't fit. |
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Process information, perceptions, and experiences
*Change as individuals grow |
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| Vygotsky: People develop through apprenticeship |
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compilation on an individual, family or community
*Through interviews, observations, and formal testing |
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| Recording mini-milestones of child development |
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| observation in everyday settings |
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| Controlled situations designed the elicit behavior of interest |
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| asks questions re: behaviors, attitudes, preferences... |
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| Questionnaire administered to a large group |
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Verbal questionnaire
*One-on-one |
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| A large sample that mirrors the population |
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| Participants are studied at various points to see how they change as they age |
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| Compares individuals of different ages at one point in time |
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| Differences between people of different age group |
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| Differences or trends due to developmental factors or historical factors associated with different cohort groups |
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| Several overlapping cohorts are studied longitudinally |
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| Describes relationship between two variables |
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| Picking random members for group |
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| Manipulated to see what effect it has on dependent variable |
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| Changes as a result of manipulating independent variable |
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| Repetitions of an experiment to test results |
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| Quasi-experimental method** |
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| Used when an experiment is not possible |
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| Screening committees that evaluate research projects |
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