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| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
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Description--observing a behavior and noting everything about it.
Explanation--theory
Prediction--determining what will happenin the future
Control--the modification of some behavior
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| all of our outward or overt actions and reactions |
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| all the internal, covert activity of our minds, such as thinking, feeling, and remembering |
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focused on structure or basic elements of the mind died out in early 1900s
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developed the technique of objective introspection
Germany 1879 |
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| process of objectively examining and measuring one's thoughts and mental activities |
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Wundt's student
brought structuralism to America |
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Titchener's student
first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology
published a book in 1908 on animal behavior |
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professor at Harvard University
proposed Functionalism |
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how the mind allows people to adapt, live, wok, and play. It was very vague and not objective.
Died out quickly |
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| Modern Fields inspired by Functionalism |
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- Educational Psych.
- Evolutionary Psych.
- Industrial/organizational Psych.
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"good figure" psychology
now part of the study of cognitive psychology
if you don't see a complete circle the mind automatically completes the circle |
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started Gestalt psychology
studied sensation and perception |
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| a field not focusing only on perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving; the basic Gestalt principles of perception are still taught within this newer field |
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| the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud |
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- patients suffered from nervous disorders with no found physical cause
- propsed that there is an unconcious mind into which we push, or repress, al of our threatening urges and desires
- believed that these repressed urges, in trying to surface, create nervous disorders
- stressed the importance of early childhood experiences
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| the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior. (must be directly seen and measured) |
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- proposed Behaviorism
- based most of his work off Ivan Pavlov who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditional (learned)
- believed that phobias were learned
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| Seven Modern Perspectives |
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- Psychodynamic Perspective
- Behavioral Perspective
- Hmanistic Perspective
- Biophysical Perspective
- Cognitive Perspective
- Sociocultural Perspective
- Evolutionary Perspective
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| Psychodynamic Perspective |
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modern version of psychoanalysis
more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior than sexual motivation |
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B.F. Skinner studied operant conditioning of voluntary behavior
Behaviorism became a major force in the 20th century
Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement to behaviorism |
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owes far more to the early roots of psychology in the field of philosophy
Humanists held the view that people have free will
Early Founders: Abraham Maslow, Carl Rodgers
Emphasized the human potential
self-actualization |
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| Biopsychological Perspective |
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| attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system. |
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| focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning |
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| Sociocultural Perspective |
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| focuses on relationship between social behvior and culture. |
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focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share.
Looks at the way the mind works and why it works as it does.
Behavior is seen as having an adaptive or survival value. |
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| a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. |
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| either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis. |
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| Psychiatric Social Worker |
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| a social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse. |
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| a professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology. |
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system of gathering data so that bias and erro in measurement are reduced
- Percieve the question
- Form a hypothesis
- test the hypothesis
- draw conclusions
- report results so others can repeat/replicate
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