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| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it; aka "i-knew-it-all-along" |
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| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions; it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and asseses conclusions |
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| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts obsevations |
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| a testable prediction; implied by a throry |
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| a statement of the procedures used to define research variables |
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| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extents to other participants and circumstances |
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| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principals |
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| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them. |
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| the tendency to overestimate the extent to which other share our beliefs and behaviors. |
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| all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study |
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| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| observing and recoding behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation. |
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| a statistacal measure to the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either facote predicts teh other |
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| a graphed cluster of dots, each which represents a value of two variables |
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| the preception of a relationship where none exsists |
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| a reseach method in which an investigator manipulstes one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process |
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| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the reseach participants have recieved the treatment or the placebo |
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| experimental results caused by expectations alone |
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| the conditionof an experiment that exposes participants to treatment to one version of the independant variable |
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| the condition of an experimentthat contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effact of the treatment |
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| assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexsisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |
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| the experimental factor that that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
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| the experimental fator--in psychology, the behavior of mental process-- that is being measured; |
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| the most frequently occring score in a distribution |
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| the atrthmetic average of distributionn, obtained by adding the scores then dividing them by the number of scores |
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| the middle score in a distribution; half the score are above it, half the scores are below it |
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| the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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| a computed measure on how much scores vary around the mean score |
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| a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occured by chance |
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| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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