Term
| Define systole, diastole, stroke volume and cardiac cycle. |
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Definition
diastole- a period of relaxation of the heart during which it fills with blood
systole- the contraction phase of heart activity
stroke volume- a volume of blood ejected by a ventricle during systole.
cardiac cycle- sequence of events encompassing one complete contraction and relaxation of the ventricles and atria |
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Term
| Define heart sounds and murmurs |
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Definition
| As the heart beats, sounds resulting from the closing of the valves (lub-dup) can be heard. Faulty valves reduce the efficiency of the heart as a pump and results in abnormal heart sounds (murmurs) |
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Term
| Explain what information can be gained from an electrocardiogram. |
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Definition
| An electrocardiogram traces the flow of current through the heart; shows 3 waves-P wave, T wave, and QRS complex; may show a myocardio infarct |
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Term
| List factors determining and or affecting blood pressure. |
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Definition
| Factors determining or affecting blood pressure include peripheral resistance, neural factors, renal factors, temperature, chemicals, and diet. |
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Term
| Define blood pressure and pulse, and name several pulse points. |
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Definition
pulse- the rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt from outside the body.
blood pressure- is the pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels and it is the force that keeps the blood circulating continually between heart beats.
Pressure Points-
Temporal artery
Facial Artery
Common Carotid Artery
Brachial artery
Radial Artery
Femoral Artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior Tibial artery
Dorsal Pedis Arttery |
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Term
| Define hypertension and atherosclerosis, and describe possible health consequences. |
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Definition
atherosclerosis-changes in the walls of the large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on the artery walls.
hypertension-abnormally high blood pressure.
both can lead to coronary artery disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease. |
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Term
| Trace the pathway of blood through the heart. |
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Definition
| superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventrical aortic valve and through the aorta |
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Term
| Explain the operation of the heart valves. |
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Definition
| Four valves prevent backflow of blood in the heart. The AV valves )mitral and tricuspid) prevent backflow into the ventricles when the heart is relaxing. the valves open and close in response to pressure changes in the heart. |
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Term
| Describe the location of the heart. |
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Definition
| located in the thorax, is flanked laterally by the lungs and enclosed by the pericardium. |
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Term
| Name the functional blood supply of the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits. |
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Definition
pulmonary circulation serves as gas exchange, systemic circulation provides oxygen-laden blood to all organs.
Blood pressure in pulmonary circulation is much lower. |
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Term
| Name the elements of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart and describe the pathway of impulses through the system. |
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Definition
This system sets basic heart rhythm. Elements are the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle of branches, and purkinje fibers.
The depolarization wave initiated by the sinoatrial node passes successively through the atrial myocardium to the atrioventricular node, the AV bundle, the right and left bundle of branches, and the purkinje fibers in the ventricular walls. |
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Term
| Discuss the unique features of special circulations of the body, arterial circulation of the brain, hepatic portal circulation, and fetal circulation. |
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Definition
arterial circulations of the brain-formed by the branches of paired vertebral and internal carotid artery.
The circle of Willis provides alternate routes for blood flow in case of a blockage in the brain's arterial supply.
hepatic portal circulation- formed by veins draining the digestive organs, which empty into the hepatic portal vein. The hepatic portal vein carries the nutrient rich blood to the liver, where it is processed before the blood is allowed to enter the systemic circulation.
Fetal circulation- a temporary circulation seen only in the fetus. It consists primarily of three special vessels: the single umbilical vein that carries nutrient0 and oxygen-laden blood to the fetus from the placenta, and the two umbilical arteries that carry carbon dioxide and waste-laden blood from the fetus to the placenta. Shunts bypassing the lungs and liver are also present. |
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Term
| Describe the effect of each of the following on heart rate:stimulation by the vagus nerve, exercise, epinephrine,and various ions. |
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Definition
Vagus nerve acts to lower the heart rate.
Exercise-The resting heart rate of those who exercise is also slower, because less effort is needed to pump blood.
Epinephrine- It increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system.
Various Ions- lowers heart rate |
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Term
| Compare and contrast the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries. |
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Definition
| The walls of the arteries are thicker than those of the veins. Artery walls are strong and stretchy. Veins have thin walls. Larger veins have valves to prevent backflow. Walls of the capillaries are only one layer thick. |
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Term
| Identify the body's major arteries and veins, and name the body region supplied by each. |
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Definition
Arteries-
Aortic arch
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Brachiocephalic artery
Celiac artery
Common iliac artery
External carotid artery
Femoral artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Internal carotid artery
Internal iliac artery
Left common carotid artery
Left coronary artery
Left subclavean artery
Popliteal artery
Pulmonary trunk
Radial artery
Renal artery
Right common carotid artery
Right coronary artery
Right subclavean artery
Splenic artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Thoracic aorta
Ulnar artery
Major Veins:
superior and inferior vena cava, femoral vein, jugular vein, pulmonary vein |
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Term
| Describe the exchanges that occur across capillary walls. |
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Definition
| Exchanges with tissue cells occur across the walls of the true capillaries. When the precapillary sphincters are closed, blood bypasses the local area via the vascular shunt. |
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Term
| Briefly describe the development of the cardiovascular system. |
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Definition
| The heart begins as a tube-like structure that is beating and pumping blood by the fourth week of embryonic development. |
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Term
| Name the fetal vascular modifications or "fetal shunts" and describe their function at birth. |
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Definition
| In the developing fetus, the ductus arteriosus (DA), also called the ductus Botalli, is a blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus's fluid-filled non-functioning lungs. Upon closure at birth, it becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. There are two other fetal shunts, the ductus venosus and the foramen ovale. |
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Term
| Explain how regular exercise and a diet low in fats and cholesterol may help maintain cardiovascular health. |
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Definition
Exercise protects against CAD by helping the heart work more efficiently, reducing blood pressure, raising HDL cholesterol, decreasing the tendency of blood to form clots, moderating stress, helping the body use insulin, and helping people maintain a healthy weight. Sedentary people who begin a regular program of exercise reduce their risk of a heart attack by 35 to 55%. Low-intensity activities, such as gardening or walking, if done regularly and over the long term, can decrease the risk of heart attack.
Although eating a healthful, low-fat diet is not generally considered a separate preventive measure, cutting back on fat, particularly saturated fat, and eating foods that provide complex carbohydrates clearly plays a role in many of the listed measures, such as controlling cholesterol, blood pressure, and body weight. |
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