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- Composed of Iron(Fe) Nickel(Ni) plus other heavy elements.
- Is solid due to enormous Pressure
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made up of the same elements as the inner core Iron(Fe) and Nickel(Ni) and other heavy elements. - with less pressure ,this layer is liquid.
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Is mostly Silicon(Si) and Oxyge(O) with some Iron(Fe) and Magnesium(Mg) divided into the upper mantle and lower mantle. Lies below the crust and is the thickest (3000km) layer of Earth's interior. |
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has two layers(Asthenosphere, and Lithosphere) The crust is composed of Oxygen(O), Silicon(Si),Magnesium(Mg)and Iron(Fe). It varies in thickness. Is the outer layer of the lithosphere. the top part is the astheosphere which is soild like old glass. The other layer is the Lithosphere which is the upper most part of the upper mantle and the crust. The Lithosphere is the soild rock portion that rests on the molten asthenosphere. |
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The name given to the single giant continent in a purposal by Alfred Wegener(1912). He suggested that in the distant past all of Earths continents had been single giant continent. |
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Is the name givien to the single large ocean surrounding Pangaea.
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The Theory of ContinentalDrift |
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The continents were once a single landmass that drifted apart and are still doing so. |
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Evidence that the Continents fit like a Puzzle for proof of Continental Drift |
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South America and Africa seem to fit together like puzzle pieces. used this observation to put together the Idea of what Pangaea looked like.
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Fossil Evidence of Continental Drift
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Fossils of the reptile Mesosaurus have been found in South America and Africa. Fossils of a fern Glossopteris was found in: Africa, Australia, India, South America, and Antarctica proves these areas must have been connected at one time. |
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Glacial Evidence that proves Continental Drift
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Rocks and markings made from glaciers cover areas of : South America, Africa, India, and Australia. indicates that these areas were once covered with glaciers. but they are located at the equator where glaciers cannot exist. |
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Reasons why Alfred Wegener's Theories were not accepted |
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He could not explain how continents could drift. also he was a meteorologist,not a geologist.
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Reasons why Alfred Wegener's Theories were accepted |
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The plate tectonics theory would finally provide an explanation for how continents move. additionally, it was found that including the continental shelves filled in the gaps in the jigsaw puzzle.
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Reasons why Scientist separate the upper most mantle from the crust
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Scientist separate the upper most mantle from the crust because the mantles elemental composition changes a little. The Crust consits of different rock types. The two also have different tempertures and pressures.
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Like a recycling machine ,endlessly coverting one type of rock to another. *This cycle is completed through the tectonic process. *Rocks return to the mantle re-melt become magma return to the crust as Igneous Rock.
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Rocks of the Rock Cycle in the order that they occur
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Igneous Rock: Rocks that form when the magma/ lava cools and hardens. Sedimentary Rock: Rock made up of particles deposited by waterflow. consists of organic/inorganic matter particles that have been compressed into rock. *is the type of rock fossils are found. Metamorphic Rock: As layers build up this rock is formed when pressure and heat become great enough to change the rock chemically. Finally the rocks complete the cycle and return to Igneous rock to start this cycle over.
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Divergent Boundaries or Spreading Boundaries
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two plates moving apart *The Crust pulls apart and forms valleys *Magma flows up through rift valleys *Mid ocean ridges and Rift valleys mark this boundarie *The process of this boundarie is how new Lithosprere Rock forms. *Crust is made at this boundarie and destroyed at Covergent Boundaries.
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Convergent Plate Boundaries |
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Here Oceanic plates dive beneath continental or Oceanic plates. Here crust is destoryed.
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When two oceanic plates collide, the denser plate is subducted, material from the melting oceanic plate rises upward to form a volcanic????? |
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Transform Boundary or fault |
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at this two plates slide pass each other *Earthquakes results as rocks move when the plates slide next to each other. |
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Small melting areas within the mantle where thermal plumes cause magma columns to push up intensely,breaking through the Crust. *do not move with tectonic plates because they originate in the mantle. *Volcanic island chains are the results of the plates moving over this
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Covenction is the primary force driving sea floor spreading and Continental Drift. Convenction currents form as hot material rises and cold materials sinks. This occurs in the mantle. This creates a current that moves the plates away from each other at the divergent boundaries toward each other at covergent boundaries, and past each other at the transform boundaries. a second driving force comes from sea floor spreading. as new seafloor forms, the plates tend to slide away from the elevated mid -ocean ridges.
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the constant state of creation and destruction of the seafloor
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Process of SeaFloor spreading |
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new crust emerges from the rift valley in a mid-ocean ridge. Magma from the asthenosphere pushes up through the rift and solidifies into new crust The New seafloor forms at the rift valleys and mid ocean ridges . spreading away from the ridges until it returns as part of the rock cylce at subduction zones(trenches)
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Enormous mountain ridges on the bottom of the ocean.
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Deep valleys running through the center of mid ocean ridges. |
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Deep ravines in the sea floor.
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Made of upper mantle, tectonic plates move on top of this. *100km to 250km below the surface. Also, plates of the lithosphere float on top of this layer.
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Made of crust and upper most ridged part of the upper mantle, makes up tectonic plates. |
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Occurs at a convergent boundary. One plate moves below the other. A continental plate and an oceanic plate coming together. |
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The thin rocky outermost layer of Earth's surface Varying in thickness from 5km for the oceanic crust to 30-40km for the continental crust |
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The dense metallic center of Earth
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Occurs when two continental plates are being pulled apart.
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Theory that explains how lithospheric plates move and cause major geologic features and events on Earth's surface.
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The location below Earth's surface where the rupture and movement begins. The seismic waves move out in all directions from the focus.
[image] |
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The spot on Earth's surface located directly above the focus.
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The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary.
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A system that determines the distance of an object under water by recording echoes of sound waves; gets its name from sound navigation and ranging.
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