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| Muscle that bears the major responsibility for effecting a particular movement; an agonist |
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| muscles that oppsed, or reverse a particular movement |
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| sin′er-jist) (1) Muscle that aids the action of a prime mover by effecting the same movement or by stabilizing joints across which the prime mover acts to prevent undesirable movements. (2) Hormone that amplifies the effect of another hormone at a target cell. |
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| when synergists immobilize a bone, or a muscles origin |
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| What is the fascicular pattern when the fascicles are arranges in concentric rings? |
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| broad origin, fascicles converge toward a single tendon of insertion |
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| long axes of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle; striplike or spindle shaped |
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| fascicles are short and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle |
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| the fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon |
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| arrangemt looks like feathers situated side by side, with all their quills inserted into one large tendon |
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| fascicles insert into the tendon from the opposite side so that the muscle's "grain" resembles a feather |
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| Consists of a lever (bone), effort (muscle action), resistance (weight of object to be moved), and fulcrum (joint) |
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| fixed pointon which a lever moves when a force is applied |
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| a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point |
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| Condition that occurs when the load is close to the fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum; allows a small effort exerted over a relatively large distance to move a large load over a small distance |
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| Condition that occurs when the load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum; the effort applied must be greater than the load to be moved |
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| effort applied at one end of the lever and the load at the other, with the fulcrum somewhere inbetween |
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| effort applied at one end of the lever and the fulcrum is located at the other, with the load between them |
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| effort applied between the load and fulcrum |
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| A muscle contusion, i.e., tearing of muscle followed by bleeding into the tissues (hematoma) and severe, prolonged pain; a common contact sports injury; a ___________ of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh occurs frequently in football players |
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| Recording and interpretation of graphic records of the electrical activity of contracting muscles. Electrodes inserted into the muscles record the impulses that pass over muscle-cell membranes to stimulate contraction. The best and most important technique for determining the functions of muscles and muscle groups |
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| An abnormal protrusion of abdominal contents (typically coils of the small intestine) through a weak point in the muscles of the abdominal wall. Most often caused by increased intra-abdominal pressure during lifting or straining. The hernia penetrates the muscle wall but not the skin and so appears as a visible bulge in the body surface. Common abdominal hernias include the inguinal and umbilical hernias. |
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| Quadriceps and hamstring strains |
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| Also called quad and hamstring pulls, these conditions involve tearing of these muscles or their tendons; happen mainly in athletes who do not warm up properly and then fully extend their hip (quad pull) or knee (hamstring pull) quickly or forcefully (e.g., sprinters, tennis players); not painful at first, but pain intensifies within three to six hours (30 minutes if the tearing is severe). After a week of rest, stretching is the best therapy. |
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| Rupture of the calcaneal tendon |
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| Although the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon is the largest, strongest tendon in the body, its rupture is surprisingly common, particularly in older people as a result of stumbling and in young sprinters when the tendon is traumatized during the takeoff. The rupture is followed by abrupt pain; a gap is seen just above the heel, and the calf bulges as the triceps surae are released from their insertion. Plantar flexion is weak or impossible, but dorsiflexion is exaggerated. Surgical repair of the tendon is necessary. |
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| Common term for pain in the anterior compartment of the leg caused by irritation of the tibialis anterior muscle as might follow extreme or unusual exercise without adequate prior conditioning. Because it is tightly wrapped by fascia, the inflamed tibialis anterior cuts off its own circulation as it swells and presses painfully on its own nerves |
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| Tenderness due to trauma or overuse of the tendon of origin of the forearm extensor muscles at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Caused and aggravated when these muscles contract forcefully to extend the hand at the wrist—as in executing a tennis backhand or lifting a loaded snow shovel. Despite its name, tennis elbow does not involve the elbow joint; most cases caused by work activities. |
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| A twisting of the neck in which there is a chronic rotation and tilting of the head to one side, due to injury of the sternocleidomastoid muscle on one side; also called wryneck. Sometimes present at birth when the muscle fibers are torn during difficult delivery. Exercise that stretches the affected muscle is the usual treatment. |
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| A muscle that assists an agonist by causing a like movement or by stabilizing a joint over which an agonist acts is (a) an antagonist, (b) a prime mover, (c) a synergist, (d) an agonist. |
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| 2. A muscle in which the fibers are arranged at an angle to a central longitudinal tendon has a _______ arrangement. (a) circular, (b) longitudinal, (c) pennate, (d) parallel. |
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. Match the muscle names in column B to the facial muscles described in column A.
Column A
(1) squints the eyes
(2) raises the eyebrows
(3) smiling muscle
(4) puckers the lips
(5) pulls the scalp posteriorly
Column B
(a) corrugator supercilii
(b) depressor anguli oris
(c) frontal belly of epicranius
(d) occipital belly of epicranius
(e) orbicularis oculi
(f) orbicularis oris
(g) zygomaticus |
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| 4. The prime mover of inspiration is the (a) diaphragm, (b) internal intercostals, (c) external intercostals, (d) abdominal wall muscles. |
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| 5. The arm muscle that both flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm is the (a) brachialis, (b) brachioradialis, (c) biceps brachii, (d) triceps brachii |
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| 6. The chewing muscles that protrude the mandible and produce side-to-side grinding movements are the (a) buccinators, (b) masseters, (c) temporalis, (d) pterygoids. |
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| 7. Muscles that depress the hyoid bone and larynx include all but the (a) sternohyoid, (b) omohyoid, (c) geniohyoid, (d) sternothyroid |
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| 8. Intrinsic muscles of the back that promote extension of the spine (or head) include all but (a) splenius muscles, (b) semispinalis muscles, (c) scalene muscles, (d) erector spinae |
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| 8. Intrinsic muscles of the back that promote extension of the spine (or head) include all but (a) splenius muscles, (b) semispinalis muscles, (c) scalene muscles, (d) erector spinae |
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| 10. The quadriceps include all but (a) vastus lateralis, (b) vastus intermedius, (c) vastus medialis, (d) biceps femoris, (e) rectus femoris |
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| 11. A prime mover of hip flexion is the (a) rectus femoris, (b) iliopsoas, (c) vasti muscles, (d) gluteus maximus. |
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| 13. Muscles that cause plantar flexion include all but the (a) gastrocnemius, (b) soleus, (c) tibialis anterior, (d) tibialis posterior, (e) fibularis muscles. |
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| 12. The prime mover of hip extension against resistance is the (a) gluteus maximus, (b) gluteus medius, (c) biceps femoris, (d) semimembranosus. |
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| 14. In walking, which two lower limb muscles keep the forward-swinging foot from dragging on the ground? (a) pronator teres and popliteus, (b) flexor digitorum longus and popliteus, (c) adductor longus and abductor digiti minimi in foot, (d) gluteus medius and tibialis anterior. |
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| 15. What criterion (or criteria) are used in naming the gluteus medius? (a) relative size, (b) muscle location, (c) muscle shape, (d) action, (e) number of origins |
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| 16. Which of the following is a large, deep muscle that protracts the scapula during punching? (a) serratus anterior, (b) rhomboids, (c) levator scapulae, (d) subscapularis. |
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| 17. Name four criteria used in naming muscles, and provide an example (other than those used in the text) that illustrates each criterion |
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