Carbon + Hydrogen and nonmetallic elements (O,S,N,Cl)

• Nonpolar molecules
• Weak Attractions, covalent bonds
• Low mp/bp
• Typically insoluble in water
• Burn vigorously in air

Most metals and nonmetals (Na,Cl)

• Mostly ionic, ionic bonding
• High mp/bp
• Usually soluble in water
• Most do not burn in air

• Consist of only hydrogen and carbon
• CH₄ - Simplest
• Tetrahedral shape, 109.5 angle

Class of hyrdocarbons in which the atoms are connected only by single bonds

• Common use as fuel
• IUPAC system names organic compounds

1. Methane CH₄
2. Ethane C₂H₆
3. Propane C₃H₈
4. Butane C₄H₁₀
5. Pentane C₅H₁₂

1. Hexane C₆H₁₄
2. Heptane C₇H₁₆
3. Octane C₈H₁₈
4. Nonane C₉H₂₀
5. Decane C₁₀H₂₂

• Ex. CH₃-CH₃
• Ex. CH₃-CH₂-CH₃

After 3+ chains, carbon become zigzag pattern, and the atoms rotate around. This means that different arrangements can occur of the chain.

Cycloalkanes

2 fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding alkanes

• Ex. C₃H₆  Cyclopropane
• Ex. C₄H₈ Cyclobutane

• Two compounds with same molecular formula but different arrangements
• Ex. C₅H₁₂  CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃

                                     CH₃-CH-CH₂-CH₃

                                     CH₃

• CH₃-  Methyl
• CH₃-CH₂-   Ethyl
• CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-   Propyl
• CH₃-CH-CH₃  Isopropyl
•         |

1. Write alkane name of longest carbon chain (1-10 "anes")
2. Name/Place of substituents before alkane
3. Substituents in alphabetical order
4. 2+ of same group use prefixes

• nonpolar-insolube in water
• less dense than water
• uses-heating fuels, gas, jet fuels, lubricants
• alkanes combust when reacted completely with oxygen
• carbon-carbon single bonds hard to break

Carbon-carbon DOUBLE bond

H₂C=CH₂

Carbon-carbon TRIPLE bond

HC≡CH

Benzene ring, 6 C + 6 H

[image]

Hydroxyl group

-OH

CH₃-CH₂-OH

Oxygen bonded with two carbons

-O-

CH₃-O-CH₃

A -SH group bonded to a carbon

-SH

CH₃-SH

Carbonyl group with -H

=O

  -C-H

    =O

CH₃-C-H

Carbonyl group between carbon atoms

=O

-C-

=O

CH₃-C-CH₃

Carboxyl group

=O

        -C-O-H

  =O

CH₃-C-OH

Carboxyl group with -H replaced by a carbon

=O

   -C-O-

=O

      CH₃-C-O-CH₃

Nitrogen atom with one or more carbon atom groups

|

-N-

CH₃-NH₂

Carbonyl group bonded to nitrogen

  =O |

     -C-N-

=O

  CH₃-C-NH₂