Term
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Definition
| heritable traits that allow individuals to survive and reproduce in a certain enviroment better than individuals that lack those traits |
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Term
| what do adaptive feature do for an organism |
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Definition
| allow them to survive better in a certain enviroment |
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Term
| how does adaptation happen |
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Definition
| through natural selection when certain allels leave more offspring that survive to reproduce than individuals do with different allels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how a physical structure works |
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Term
| how are form and function related |
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Definition
| form is highly related to function, the form is set up so the structure will function better |
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Term
| what are tradeoffs and why do we have them |
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Definition
inescapable compromises between traits
no adaptation is perfect, it is limited by the allels present and traits that already exist
tradeoff are why a form functions a certain way |
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Term
| what are the four types of tissue |
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Definition
-connective
-nervous tissue
-muscle tissue
-epithelial |
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Term
| what does connective tissue do and what does it include |
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Definition
connect muscles to bones or muscles to muscles or for support
fat, blood, bones and cartilage |
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Term
| what does nervous tissue do and what makes it up |
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Definition
carry electrochemical signals from all over the body to the brain
cosists of neurons and other supporting cells |
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Term
| what does muscle tissue do |
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Definition
| moves the body, pumps the heart, and mixes food along with other involutary movements |
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Term
| what does epithelial tissue do |
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Definition
| covers outside of the body, lines organs, and forms glands. serve as gate keepers for water and ions and as a protective layer |
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Term
| what does body size affect? |
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Definition
- locomotion costs and efficiencies
- • heat, water exchange
• internal transport demands
• tissue-level shape and membrane transport capacity
• structural support needs
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Term
| what happens to the surface area to volume ratio? |
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Definition
you have greater volume but less surface area per gram
this means the ratio gets smaller
-the bigger you are the less energy you have to expend and vice versa if you are smaller |
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Term
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Definition
| constancy of physiological state that is achieved either by conforming to a certain enviroment's specifications only, or by regulating internally the state of the organism despite extrenal forces |
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Term
| what is conformational homeostasis |
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Definition
Homeostasis may result from living in a constant environment, (really cold all the time)
so animals do not have to do anything special to stay constant.
this is NOT regulation
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Term
| what is regulatory homeostasis |
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Definition
Most of the time homeostasis requires active mechanisms
involving behavior or physiology to keep the boat from rocking.
ACTIVELY regulating internal body temp |
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Term
| what does homeostasis use to regulate body temp |
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Definition
1. sensors that monitor the system
2. an integrator that compares sensory input with desired set point
3. and effectors that are activated to bring the system into alignment with the
set point if the system deviates too much from the set point. |
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Term
| what are endotherms and ectotherms |
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Definition
-produces heat to warm its own tissues
-relies on heat gained form the enviroment |
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Term
| what are homeotherms and heterotherms |
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Definition
-keep body temp constant
-allow body temp to rise and fall with enviroment |
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Term
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Definition
temperature receptors in the skin and some in the hypothalams integrate into the hypothalamus if the set point is too far off
hypothalamus sends signals to induce dilation or constriction of blood vessles, sweat glands, respritory centers, shivering, or chemicals to induce higher cellular resiratin rates.
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Term
| what is negative feedback |
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Definition
homeostatic systems are based on negative feedback
effectors reduce or oppose the change in internal conditions |
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Term
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Definition
skeletal-long cells for voluntary movement
cardiac-branched cells for pumping heart
smooth-tapered cells for involuntary movement |
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Term
| what are the purposes for cell division |
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Definition
-growth,developement, maintenience
-wound repair
-reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
-produces genentically identical cells
-replicates chromosomes
-separation of copied chromosomes into two daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
single, long DNA double helix wrapped around proteins, called histones
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Term
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Definition
doubled copies of a replicated chromosomes
-2chromatids are still considered 1 chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
First gap (G1)-routine business of cellular respiration
DNA Synesis (S)- duplication of chromosomes
Second Gap (G2)-preparing to divide
Mitoisis (M)- Dividing of cells
This is the interphase of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| orderly sequence of events that leads a cell through the duplication of its chromosomes to the time it divides |
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Term
| what are the stages of mitosis |
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Definition
-interphase (cell cycle)
-prophase
(prometaphase)
-metaphase
-Anaphase
-telophase
-IPMAT- |
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Term
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Definition
inbetween cell stage where division is not taking place
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes condense into compact structures and spindle apparatus forms from the centrioles |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear envelope breaks down, kmicrotubules contract chromosmes at kinetochores |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes complete migration to middle of cell between the metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes and are pulled to the opposite poles of the spindle apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear envelope re-forms, and chromosomes de-condense |
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Term
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Definition
-actin and myosin ring causes the plasma membrane to begin pinching in
-creates clevage between the two cells
-cells finally completely separate |
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Term
| how does the cell cycle line up with mitosis |
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Definition
Interphase contains: G1 S and G2
M phase:PMAT and cytokinesis |
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Term
| what are homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
Chromosomes that contain the
same sets of genes (although
possibly different variants),
inherited from different parents |
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Term
How many chromosomes do humans have in total, and how
many homologous pairs is that?
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Definition
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Term
| cell checkpoints in mitosis |
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Definition
G1/S Checkpoint - is the cell healthy; is it big enough to divide? Is it getting the right message (growth factors).
G2/M Checkpoint - was DNA correctly replicated
Mitosis Checkpoint (in metaphase) - are all sister chromatids attached to the spindle? Can we divide and move into G1?
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Term
| what is the purpose of meiosis |
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Definition
produces 4 haploid sex cells
-synapsis
-crossing over
-reduction division |
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Term
meiosis I differences
(recombination) |
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Definition
| sister chromatids do not separate and homolgous chromosomes split up and end up in different daughter cells completely |
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Term
when does the biggest difference between Mitosis and Meiosis occur
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Definition
homologous chromosomes pair during Prophase
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Term
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Definition
| reciprical exchanges between different homologs create non-sister chrmatids that have both paternal and maternal segments |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous chromosome pairs come together for crossing over |
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Term
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Definition
the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete
-complete set of genes in a cell or organism |
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Term
| what causes genetic variation |
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Definition
1.Chromosome shuffling (independent assortment of chromosomes to daughter cells: just because two chromosomes both came from Mom does not mean they will be transmitted together to offspring)
AND
2. Crossing Over in meiosis I
*** result in four gametes whose genetic composition is different from each other AND that of the parent cell
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Term
| cell parts used in photosynthesis |
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Definition
chloroplasts
thylakoids (stacked in grana)
• stroma
• photosystems I and II
Stomata
-to get CO2 |
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Term
| molecules used in photosynthesis |
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Definition
• chlorophylls-primary photosynthetic pigments
• accessory pigments-carotene, xanythophyls
• photosystems I and II = each with antenna complex,reaction center, E.T.C.
• NADPH-electron carrier
ATP-energy source
• RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate)
• RUBISCO-Catalyzes binding of CO2to RuBP) |
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Term
| what energy is captured during photosythesis |
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Definition
| electromagnetic energy is converted into chemical energy |
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Term
| light dependent reaction reactants and products |
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Definition
reactants: Light
water
Products:O2
ATP
NADPH |
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Term
| Calvin Cycle reactants and products |
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Definition
Reactants: CO2
ATP
NADPH
Products: Glucose |
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Term
| what are the three stages of the clavin cycle |
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Definition
Carbon fixation: attach CO2
to RuBP (catch the carbon)
2. Reduction: take the product of step 1 and add electrons, to get a reduced
molecule (G3P) that is used to make a sugar monomer
3. RuBP regeneration: take the remaining carbon compound from step 2 and
make more RuBP so you can keep doing the Calvin Cycle |
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