Term
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Definition
| A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error-prone |
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Term
Availability Heuristic
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Definition
| Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid. |
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Term
Belief Perseverance
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Definition
| Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
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Term
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Definition
| At about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
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Term
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Definition
| All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
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Term
Confirmation Bias
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Definition
| Tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. |
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Term
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Definition
| A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. |
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Term
Linguistic Determinism
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Definition
| Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix). |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's belief and judgments. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category. |
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Term
Representativeness Heuristic
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Definition
| Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The set rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word-statements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Early speech stage in which child speaks like a telegram. Using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving. |
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Term
Functional Fixedness
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Definition
| The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. |
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