Term
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Definition
| "self feeders" they stustain themselves without eating anything derived from other living beings |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances |
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Term
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Definition
| obtain their organic material by the second major mode of nutrition. they're unable to make their own food, they live on compounds produced by other organisms. completely dependent, either directly or indirectly, on photoautotrophs for food and oxygen |
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Term
| where did photosynthesis most likely originate? |
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Definition
| phosynthesis most likely originated in a group of bacteria that had infolded regions of the plasma membrane containing clusters of such molecules |
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Term
| what was the original chloroplast? |
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Definition
| according to the endosymbiont theory, the original chloroplast was a photosynthetic prokaryote that lived inside an ancestor of eukaryotic cells |
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Term
| where are chloroplasts mainly found? |
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Definition
| chloroplasts are found mainly in the cells of the mesophyll |
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Term
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Definition
| the tissue in the interior of the leaf |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic pores through which carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits the leaf |
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Term
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Definition
| veins are used to transport water absorbed by the roots to the leaves as well as to export sugar to the roots and other nonphotosynthetic parts of the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| a dense fluid surrounded by two membranes in the chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
| sacs suspended in the stroma that segregate the stoma from the thylakoid space inside the sacs |
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Term
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Definition
| stacks of columns of thylakoids |
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Term
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Definition
| the green pigment that gives leaves their color, resides in the thyakoid membrane |
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Term
| what is the product of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| a three-carbon sugar that can be used to make glucose |
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Term
| what is the simplest possible form of the equation for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| CO2 + H20 --> [CH2)] + 02 |
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Term
| where does the 02 given off by photosynthesis come from? |
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Definition
| the 02 given off by photosynthesis comes from H20, not C02. O2 comes as a by-product from the splitting of H20 by plants in order to obtain electrons from hydrogen atoms |
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Term
| what is the result of the shuffling of atoms during photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| a significant result of the shuffling of atoms during photosynthesis is the extraction of hydrogen from water and its incorporation into sugar |
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Term
| how is photosynthesis the 'reverse' of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
photosynthesis reverses the flow of electrons by splitting water and transffering the electrons and hydrogen ions to the CO2, reducing it to sugar.
in cellular respiration, the electrons flow in the other direction. electrons associated with hydrogen are transported from sugar and lose potential energy as they are move to the mitochondrion and are harnessed to synthesize ATP |
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Term
| why does photosynthesis require energy? |
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Definition
| photosynthesis requires energy because the electrons involved in these reactions are increasing their potential energy as they move from water to sugar, these are endergonic processes that require energy from light |
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Term
| what are the two stages for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
1. light reactions
2. the calvin cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| the steps of photosynthesis that convert solar energy into chemical energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the generation of ATP by light reactions using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP |
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Term
| how is light energy originally converted to chemical energy? |
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Definition
| light energy is initially converted to chemical energy in the form of two compounds: NADPH and ATP |
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Term
| what don't light reactions produce? |
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Definition
| light reactions don't produce sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| the initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds |
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Term
| what compound provides the reducing power used in the calivn cycle? |
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Definition
| NADPH provides the reducing power for the calvin cycle |
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Term
| what happens to the carbon once it is fixed in the calvin cycle? |
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Definition
| after the carbon is fixed, the calvin cycle then reduces it to a carbohydrate by the addition of electrons provided by NADPH |
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Term
| how is CO2 converted to carboydrate in the calvin cycle? |
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Definition
| the calvin cycle converts CO2 to carbohydrate by using the chemical energy of ATP, which was generated by the light reactions. |
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Term
| what does the calvin cycle need to make sugar? |
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Definition
| to make sugar, the calvin cycle needs the help of NADHP and ATP produced by light reactions |
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Term
| where do light reactions take place? |
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Definition
| light reactions take place in the thylakoids of the chloroplast |
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Term
| where does the calvin cycle take place? |
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Definition
| the calvin cycle takes place in the stroma |
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Term
| what is happening outside the thyladoid? |
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Definition
| outside the thylakoid, molecules of NDAP+ and ADP are picking up electrons and phosphate, and are then released to the stroma to play crucial roles in the calvin cycle |
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Term
| what happens when light hits matter? |
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Definition
| when light hits matter it may be reflected, transmitted, or absorbed. |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that absorb visible light |
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Term
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Definition
| an instrument used to measure the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light |
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Term
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Definition
| a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wave-length |
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Term
| what are the three types of pigments in chlorplasts: |
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Definition
| chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids |
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Term
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Definition
| participates directly in the light reations. this pigment's spectrum suggests that violet-blue and red light work best for photosynthesis, since they are absorbed, while green is the least effective |
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Term
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Definition
| profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving the process. prepared by illuminating chloroplasts with light of different colors and then plotting wavelength against some measure of photosynthetic rate |
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