Term
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Definition
| is the strong, affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to experience pleasure and joy when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress. |
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Term
| What is the issue with the psychoanalytic and behaviorist account of attachment? |
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Definition
| They emphasize the caregiver's contribution to the attachment relationship but pay little attention to the important of the infant's characteristics. |
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Term
| John Bowlby's ethological theory of attachment |
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Definition
| which recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival, but also retains the idea that the quality of attachment to the caregiver has profound implications for the child's feelings of security. |
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Term
| What did Bowlby believe about human infants and their survival? |
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Definition
| That the human infant is endowed with a set of built-in behaviors that keep the parent nearby to protect the infant form danger and to provide support. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Preattachment phase (birth to 6 weeks): recognize mother's smell, voice, and face but are not yet attached.
2. "Attachment in the making" phase (6 weeks to 6-8 months): sense of trust begin as well as stranger anxiety.
3. "Clear cut" attachment phase (6-8 months to 18 months or 2 years): separation anxiety is displayed.
4 Formation of a reciprocal relationship (2 years and on): separation protest declines. |
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Term
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Definition
| or set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures, their likelihood of providing support during times of stress, and the self's interaction with those figures. The internal working model becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships. |
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Term
| Mary Ainsworth's strange situation |
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Definition
| reasoned on the basis that securely attached infants and toddlers should use the parent as a secure base from which to explore in an unfamiliar playroom. In addition, when the parent leaves, an unfamiliar adult should be less comfortin that the parent. This experiment takes the baby though eight short episodes in which brief separations from and reunions with the caregiver occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| these infants use the parent as a secure base. When separated, they may or may not cry, but if they do, it is because the parent is absent and they prefer her to the stranger. When the parent returns, they actively seek contact, and their crying is reduced immediately. |
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Term
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Definition
| these infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present. When she leaves, they usually are not distressed, and they react to the stranger in much the same way as to the parent. During reunion, they avoid or are slow to agree the parent, and when picked up, they often fail to cling. |
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Term
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Definition
| before spearation, these infants seek closeness to the parent and often fail to explore. When the parent eleaves, they are usually distressed, and on her return they combine clinginess with angry, resistive behavior, struggling when held and sometimes hitting and pushing. Many continue to cry and cling after being picked up and cannot be comforted easily |
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Term
| Disorganized/disoriented attachment |
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Definition
| this pattern reflects the greatest insecurity. At reunion, these infants show confused contradictory behaviors. Most display a dazed facial expression, and a few cry out unexpectedly after having calmed down or display odd, frozen postures. |
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Term
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Definition
suitable for children between 1 and 4 years, depends on home observations. Either the parent or a highly trained observer sorts 90 behaviors into nine categories, ranging from high to low in security.
* Does not depicted different types of insecurity. |
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Term
| What factors influence attachment security? |
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Definition
1. Early availability of a consistent caregiver.
2. Quality of caregiving.
3. Baby's characteristics.
4. Family context. |
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Term
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Definition
| responding quickly, consistently, and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly and carefully. |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the experiences of secure from insecure babies. It is best described as a sensitively tuned "emotional dance," in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, rhythmic, appropriate fashion. |
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Term
| Siblings - whether identical, fraternal, nontwin, or unrelated - establish similar attachment patterns with their parents. What does this suggest? |
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Definition
| That the strongest parental influences on attachment security are nonshared experiences, reflecting most parents' efforts to adjust their caregiving to each child's individual needs. |
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Term
| What must we not assume when dealing with an internal working model? |
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Definition
| That direct transfer of parents' childhood experiences to quality of attachment with their own children. The model is a reconstructed memory affected by relationship experiences over the life course, personality, and satisfaction of life. |
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Term
| Developmentally appropriate practice |
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Definition
| these standard, devised by the US National Association for the Education of Young Children, specify program characteristics that meet the developmental and individual needs of young children, based on both current research and consensus among experts. |
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