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| Form of learning based on the repeated association of two different stimuli |
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| Theorist behind Classical conditioning, famous for his experiment with the digestion of dogs |
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| And even that elicits a response from an organism |
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| A reaction by an organism to a stimulus |
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| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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| Any stimulus that consistently produces a particular, naturally occurring, automatic response. |
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| Unconditioned response (UCR) |
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| The response that occurs automatically when the UCS is presented |
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| Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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| Through repeated association with the UCS, triggers a very similiar response to the UCR |
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| Refers to the linking of pairing of two different stimuli |
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| Conditioned response (CR) |
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| The learned response that is produced by the CS after the association has been made. |
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| The stimulus that will not produce the UCR before learning |
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| The overall process during which an organism learns to associate the two events (CS and UCS) |
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| The gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a CR that occurs when the UCS is no longer presented |
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| Spontaneous recovery (CC) |
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Definition
| The reappearance of a CR when the CS is presented following a rest period |
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| Stimulus generalisation (CC) |
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Definition
| The tendency for another stimulus similiar to the Cs, to produce a response that is similiar to the CR. |
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| Stimulus discrimination (CC) |
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Definition
| Occurs when an organism responds to the CS, but not to any other stimulus that is similiar. |
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Definition
| Involves presenting successive approximations of the CS until the CS does not produce the conditioned response |
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| Involves bringing the client into direct contact with the anxiety-producing stimulus till the conditioned response is extinguished |
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| Form of behaviour therapy that involves CC processes to discourage undesirable behaviour by associating it with an unpleasant stimulus |
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| Learning by trying alternative possibilities until the desired outcome is achieved |
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| Studying animal intelligence and proposed the learning theory of trial and error |
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| States that a behaviour that is accompanied by satisfying consequences is more likely to recur |
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| Refers to the process through which an organism learns the association between behaviour and its consequences |
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| Based on law of effect, an organism will tend to repeat a behaviour that has desirable consequences |
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| A response that occurs and acts on the environment to produce some kind of effect |
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| The stimulus(S) --> Response(R)--> Consequence (C) |
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| Inspired by Thorndike, experimented on rats to coin the theory of Operant conditioning |
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| Any stimulus that strengthens or increases the desired behaviour |
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| Schedule of reinforcement |
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| A program for giving reinforcement, specifically the frequency and manner in which a desired response is reinforced |
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| When the reinforcer is provided immediately after every correct response |
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| The process of reinforcing some correct responses but not all of them |
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| When the reinforcer is given after a set number of desired responses have been made |
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| When the reinforcer is given after an unpredictable number of correct responses |
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| Involves the delivery of reinforcers after a specific period of time after previous reinforcer, provided the correct response has been made |
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| Variable-interval schedule |
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| When reinforcment is given after irregular periods of time has passed, provided the correct response has been made |
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Definition
| The presentation of a pleasant stimulus following a desired response, thereby strengthening a response |
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| The removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus to increase or strengthen the desired behaviour |
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| Involves the presentation of a stimulus and thereby decreasing the likelihood of a response occuring again |
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| Involves the removal of a pleasant stimulus and thereby decreasing the undesired behaviour |
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| Involving any valued stimulus, whether or not it caused the behaviour, being removed as an act of punishment |
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| The establishment of a response through reinforcement |
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| The gradual decrease in the strength of a learned response following consistent non-reinforcement of the response |
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| Spontaneous recovery (OC) |
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Definition
| The organism will once again show the response in the absence of any reinforcement after a rest period |
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| Stimulus generalisation (OC) |
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Definition
| Occurs when the correct response is made to another stimulus that is similiar to the conditioned response that was reinforced |
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| Stimulus discrimination (OC) |
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Definition
| Occurs when an organism performs the correct response to the stimulus and is reinforced, and not to any other similiar stimuli |
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Definition
| A procedure in which a reinforcer is given for any response that successively approximates and leads to the desired response |
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Definition
| Settings in which an individual receives tokens(reinforcers) for desired behaviour and these tokens can be exchanged for 'real' rewards |
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| Type of learning involving a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of one experience only |
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| Experimented on rats with saccharine flavoured water to test his theory of one-trial learning |
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| A conditioned response that results from a person or animal establishing an association between a particular food and feeling ill |
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| Occurs when someone uses observation of another person's actions and their consequences to guide their future actions |
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| Another name for observational learning |
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| Famous for his experiment with Bobo dolls and proposing the learning theory of Observational learning |
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| The individual watches another person displaying the behaviour that is reinforced or punished and then behaves in the same or a modified way |
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| Increases the likelihood of the observer behaving in a similiar way to the model whose behaviour is reinforced |
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| Occurs when the likelihoodof an observer performing a particular behaviour decreases after having seen a model's behaviour being punished |
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| In order to learn through observation, we must closely watch the model's behaviour |
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| Having observed the model ,we must be able to remember the model's behaviour |
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| We must have the ability to put into practice what was observed to be able to imitate it |
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| Learner must want to perform the behaviour through reinforcement |
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| If an individual receives a reinforcer, her motivation will be influenced in a positive way |
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| When we are reinforced by meeting certain standards of performance we set for ourselves |
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| Type of learning involving a period of mental manipulation of information associated with a problem, prior to the realisation of a solution to the problem |
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| Famous for his experiment with chimpanzees and proposing the theory of insight learning |
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| First stage of insight learning, the person will gather as much information as possible about what needs to be done |
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| Second stage of insight learning, period of 'mental time out' during which the information is put aside |
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| The 'ah-ha!' moment, a mental event that unexpectedly bridges the gap between the problem and its solution in a 'flash' |
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| The final stage of insight learning, the visual solution that flashed into mind is acted upon and tested |
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| Learning that occurs without any direct reinforcement but remains unexpressed or hidden until needed |
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| Conducted the experiment's with the rat maze and goal box, famous for latent learning |
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| A mental representation of the relationship between locations |
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