in binary fission:

• the single, ____ bacterial chromosome is _____.
• replication begins at the ___ __ ___ and proceeds ______
• ___ ______ are partitioned to opposite ends of the cell.
• a septum forms to ....

• circular, replicated
• origin of replication, bidirectionally
• new chromosomes
• divide the cell into 2 cells

Eurkaryotic chromosomes

• ___ chromosomes
• every species has (the same/different) # of chromosomes
• composed of _____ (a complex of DNA and protein)
• heterochromatin ___ expressed
• euchromatin ___ expressed

• linear
• different
• chromatin
• not expressed
• is expressed

• chromosomes are very long and must be ____ within the nucleus
• nucleosomes -
• nucleosomes are spaced ____ nucleotides apart in DNA
• further coiling creates a ____ fiber or ____

• condensed
• DNA wrapped around a core of 8 proteins
• 200
• 30 nm, solenoid

• __ ___ held in place by scaffolding proteins
• scaffolding of proteins is aided by the complex of proteins called ___

• radial loops
• condensin

1) G1

2) S

3) G2

4) Mitosis

5) Cytokinesis

synthesis of DNA, DNA replication

2 sister chromatids produced

Proteins of the kinetochore are attached to the ___

____ will attach to the kinetochore

centromere

microtubules

prophase

prometaphase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

Prophase:

chromosome continue to __

centrioles move to __

___ ___ is assembled

nuclear envelope __

condense

poles

spindle apparatus

dissolves

prometaphase

chromosomes attached to spindle fibers at ___

2nd set of ___ formed from poles to each kinetochore

microtubules begin to pull each chromosome to the ___ of the cell

kinetochores

microtubules

center

metaphase

microtubules pull the chromosome to ___ them at the center of cell

Anaphase

removal of ___ ____ causes the centromeres to separate

microtubules pull __ __ toward poles

in anaphase a ...

in anaphase b...

cohesion proteins

sister chromatids

kinetochores pulled apart

poles move apart

Telophase

spindle apparatus ___

__ ___ forms around each set of sister chromatids

chromosomes begin to ___

___ appears in each new nucleus

disassembles

nuclear envelope

uncoil

nucleolus

cytokinesis is...

animals, constriction of actin filaments creates...

plants, plaasma membrane forms a __ __ b/t the nuclei

cleavage of cells into equal halves

a cleavage furrow

 cell plate

G1/S checkpoint

G2/M checkpoint

Late Metaphase (spindle) checkpoint

produced in synchrony w/ cell cycle

regulated passage of the cell throughcell cycle checkpoints.

enzymes that drive cell cycle

activated when bound by cyclin

@ G1/S Checkpoint:

• G1 cyclins ____
• G1 cyclins bind to ___ to create active G1/S Cdk
• G1/S Cdk _____ a number of molecules.
  These molecultes ultitmately increase the enzymes required for ___ ____

• accumulate
• Cdc2
• phosphorylates
  DNA replication

@ the spindle Checkpoint:

• the signal for anaphase to proceed is transmitted through __-__ __
• APC activates the proteins that remove ___ holding sister chromatids together

• Anaphase-promoting complex (apc)
• cohesin

Growth factors:

• influence the ___ ___
• trigger ______ signaling systems
• can overide cellular controls that otherwise inhibit __ ___

• cell cycle
• intrAcellular
• cell division

1. tumor-supressor genes
2. proto-ongco genes

Tumor-supressor genes:

• prevent the ____ of many cells containing mutations
• for example, p53 halts __ ___ if damaged DNA is detected
• p53 is __ or ___ in many cancerous cells

• development
• cell division
• absent or damaged

proto-onco-genes:

• some encode __ for growth factors
• some encode __ ___ __
• becomes ____ when mutated

• receptors
• signal transduction proteins
• oncogenes (these can cause cancer when they are introduced into a cell)