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dramatic changes occurring at every level of European society.
§ New royal families coming to power.
§ Church leaders were reforming and strengthening the church
§ Nobles were creating glittering society w/ mock battles & poetry contests
§ Most important changes: peasants who worked on the land. (plow, horsepower) |
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Villages began to organize land into 3 great fields.
o Of 600 acres: 200 for winter crop, 200 for spring crop, 200 fallow.
o Farmers could now grow crops on 2/3 of land each year, not ½
o Result: immediate increase in food for village Ù healthier diet for peasant |
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In effect, townspeople formed a new social class called the middle class.
people who made their homes in walled towns known as burghs |
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| what burgh dwellers in France became collectively known as. |
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Association of people who worked at the same occupation. Forbade competition.
Craft guilds, Merchant guilds |
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o Enforced standards of quality.
o Fixed the price of everything their members sold. Church demanded it be a just price. To make a large profit was thought sinful.
o Paying dues to one’s guild was a form of insurance. Paid funeral expenses. |
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Religious community of men or women who give up all their possessions, live in seclusion, and devote their lives to worship, prayer, and self-denial.
§ During HMA, religion spread widely. 1000s of men & women Ù monks & nuns. |
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monk Benedict set pattern for monastic living. Strict, but provided monks & nuns w/ workable system for disciplining their lives.
§ Examples of rules: once monk enters monastery, he remains there for life.
§ Daily life in the monastery should follow strict schedule. 8x a day for prayer. |
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buying & selling of Church offices.
§ Many bishops expected to make a profit from their high position.
§ Every Church office brought with it land and a good income. |
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§ Bishops & abbots went through ceremony to receive church offices
§ Ceremony = investiture
§ Who should perform this ceremony for Church officials, a layman (feudal lord or king) or a Church leader? If performed by layman = lay investiture |
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foremost leader of the reformers that became pope in 1073.
§ Carried out aims of reform movement: ordered all married priests to abandon their wives & children. |
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young German ruler who was outraged by Gregory’s new laws.
§ Called meeting of German bishops who had all been invested by himself Ù sent vicious letter ordering Gregory to step down from papacy. “Not pope, but false monk.” |
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Italian town where Henry journeyed to a castle where Gregory was a guest.
§ As pope, Gregory had to forgive any sinner who came humbly to him.
§ Still, he kept Henry waiting in snow for 3 days before ending excommunication.
§ This meeting was 1 of most dramatic confrontations of MA, but solved nothing.
§ Master political stroke for Henry, free to go home & punish noble who rebelled
§ Greater victory for pope: humiliated proudest ruler in Europe.
§ Question of investiture was still undecided |
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1122, representatives of the Church & emperor met in the German city of Worms. Reached a compromise.
§ Church alone would grant a bishop his ring & staff, symbols of Church office.
§ However, emperor kept power to grant that bishop the lands that went with office.
§ Thus, the emperor still have much control over the bishops. |
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no Church ceremonies could be performed in the offending ruler’s lands.
§ There could be no marriages, no baptisms, no religious services of any sort.
Church resembled kingdom. Governed by single ruler (pope) from central capital (Rome)
All Christians were partly governed by canon law-law of the Church |
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people reached answers & held beliefs different from the Church’s teachings
§ Resulted from the widespread interest in religion of the 1100-1200s |
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leading arm of the Church in war against heresy. Organization of experts whose job was to find & judge heretics.
§ Sent by popes throughout Europe starting in 1225. Questioned & tortured.
§ Weapon in fight against heresy: friars-traveled from place to place preaching, trying to carry Church’s ideas more widely & win heretics back to Church.
o Friars won wide respect for their poverty & devout way of life.
o Earliest order of friars = Dominicans (Spanish)-emphasized importance of study. |
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founded 2nd order of friars. Gave up wealth & turned to preaching.
§ Treated all creatures as if the were his spiritual brothers & sisters. |
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| Gothic style architecture |
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changed the course of English history. Ended in Norman victory.
§ William the Conqueror (Norman) gathered army to invade England.
§ 1066-King Harold’s English foot soldiers grouped on top of small hill.
§ Norman knights on horseback charged Ù broke through when Harold died. |
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duke of Normandy.
§ Claimed English crown when his second cousin King Edward died-1066.
§ Rival: English nobleman Harold Godwinson who had been named king by council of English lords. This rivalry led to Battle of Hastings.
§ After victory, declared all England his personal property.
§ William granted fiefs to loyal Norman lords. Appoined loyal Norman vassals as bishops. Ù England had new ruling class of French-speaking nobles.
§ William kept about 1/5 of land for himself. |
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William’s great grandson. Further increased royal power.
§ Greatest accomplishment: strengthening royal courts of justice.
§ Sent royal judges to visit every part of England at least once a year.
§ Introduced the use of jury in English courts.
§ Jury trials became popular. Only king’s courts could conduct them Ù king’s courts gained power & lords’ feudal courts lost it. |
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| rulings of England’s royal judges formed unified body of law common to whole kingdom. Today, these principles are basis for law in English-speaking countries. |
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scholar who believed the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical arguments. Found no conflict btwn faith & reason.
§ Summa Theologiae. Attempted to answer philosophical questions about God & universe, using logic & reason to show truth of Church’s answer. |
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complex set of ideal that knights were expected to live up to.
§ Code demanded that knight fight bravely in defense of 3 masters: his earthly feudal lord, his heavenly Lord, & his chosen lady.
§ Should aid the poor & defend the weak. |
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Called on all knights of Christendom after Turks conquered Jerusalem.
§ Claimed to be leader of all Christendom. Wanted to show pope’s power by sending an army of knights from all Europe’s kingdoms to fight holy war.
§ Hoped to reunite Roman Christians & Byzantines who denied pope as supreme head of Church. |
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| area near Jerusalem below Asia Minor. Right by Syria |
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Military expeditions to rescue Jerusalem & Holy Land from Muslim Turks.
§ Knights’ motives: pope promised forgiveness for sins. Win glory in battle.
§ Most of crusaders from France, but other Euro. kingdoms. People of all classes.
§ 1st Crusade won Jerusalem Ù reconquered by Turks.
§ 3rd or Kings’ Crusade (3 of Euro’s most powerful monarchs: French king Philip Augustus, German emperor Frederick I, & English king Richard I)
§ 1200s-Crusades became extremely common.
§ 5th, 7th, & 8th-aimed at Islamic cities in Egypt & North Africa.
§ 6th came closest to success. Jerusalem briefly returned to Christian rule. |
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Muslim conqueror who had reconquered Jerusalem after 1st Crusade.
§ Him & Richard agreed to 3-year truce. Jerusalem remained under Muslim control, but Saladin promised unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit city’s holy places. |
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failed to accomplish primary objective: conquer Holy Land
§ Decline of papal prestige: failure of later crusades lessened respect for papacy.
§ Decline in power of nobles: knights died, Euro. monarchs strengthen royal power
§ Decrease in Byzantine power: 4th Crusade. Regained independence, not prestige.
§ Increase in religious intolerance: Christians vs. Muslims & Christians vs. Jews.
§ Increase in trade by Italian cities: btwn Europe & Middle East. |
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