a B1 vitamin. The coenzyme form is TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate).

 Water-soluble vitamin

Used for energy metabolism.

Deficiency Disease- Beriberi

Beriberi syptoms; enlarged heart, cardiac failure, muscular weakness; apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability; anorexia, weight loss.

No toxicity symptoms

a B2 vitamin. The coenzyme forms are FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism.

Water-soluble vitamin

Deficiency Disease= Ariboflavinosis

symptoms=sore throat; cracks and redness at corners of mouth (Cheilosis), painful, smooth, purplish red tongue, inflammation characterized by skin lesions convered with greasy scales

No toxicity symptoms

a B3 vitamin, also known as Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, or niacinamide. The coenzyme forms are NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (the phosphate form of NAD). Niacin can be eaten preformed or made in the body from its precursor, tryptophan, one of the amino acids.

Deficiency disease= Pellagra

symptoms= inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red tongue (Glossitis); bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight.

Toxicity symptoms= painful flush, hives, and rash ("niacin flush"); nausea, vomiting; liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance.

a B vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis.

Water-soluble vitamin

Deficiency symptoms=red, scaly rash around eyes, nose, and mouth; hair loss

Toxicity symptoms= none

a B vitamin. The principal active form is part of coenzyme A, called "CoA".

Water-soluble vitamin

Deficiency symptoms= vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps; insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, hypoglycemia

Toxicity symptoms= none

Also known as; pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine. The primary active coenzyme form is PLP (pyridoxal phosphate).

Water-soluble vitamin

Deficiency symptoms= scaly dermatitis; anemia, depression, confusion, convulsions.

Toxicity symptoms= depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions; skin lesions.

Also known as; Folic acid, folacin, pteroylglutamic acid (PGA).

Water-soluble vitamin

Deficiency symptoms= Anemia; smooth, red tongue; mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache, shortness of breath.

Toxicity symptoms= Masks vitamin B12- deficiency symptoms

Also known as; Cobalamin

A B vitamin characterized by the presence of cobalt. The active forms of coenzyme B12 are methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin.

Water-soluble vitamin

Deficiency disease= Pernicious anemia

Deficiency symptoms= Anemia; fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis; sore tongue, loss of appetite, constipation.

Toxicity symptoms= none

Non-B vitamins= Nitrogen containing compound found in foods and made in the body from the amino acid methionine. It is part of the phospholipid lecithin and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Deficiency symptoms= Liver damage

Toxicity symptoms= body odor, sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, low blood pressure, liver damage.

Also known as; Ascorbic acid

performs as an antioxidant and defends against free radicals

Water-soluble vitamin

Deficiency disease= Scurvy

Deficiency symptoms= poor wound healing, frequent infections; bleeding gums, loosened teeth; scorbutic gums, pinpoint hemorrhages.

Toxicity symptoms= Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea; headache, fatigue, insomnia; hot flashes, rashes; interference with medical tests, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract problems, kidney stones

Also known as; Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid; precursors are carotenoids such as beta-carotene

Fat-soluble vitamin

Deficiency disease= Hypovitaminosis A

Deficiency symptoms= infectious diseases, night blindness, blindness (xerophthalmia), keratiniztion

Toxicity symptoms=

Chronic toxicity symptoms= increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density; liver abnormalities; birth defects

Acute toxicity symptoms= blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo;increase of pressure inside skull, mimicking brain tumor; headaches; muscle incoordination

Also known as; Calciferol, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol)

Deficiency symptoms= Rickets in children and osteomalacia or osteoporosis in adults

Toxicity disease= Hypervitaminosis D

Toxicity symptoms= Elevated blood calcium; calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints).

Also known as; Alpha-tocopherol

Fat-soluble vitamin

Deficiency symptoms= red blood cell breakage, nerve damage

Toxicity symptoms= Augments the effects of anticlotting medications

Tocopherol= a general term for several chemically related compounds, one of which has vitamin E activity.

Also known as; Phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione, naphthoquinone

Fat-soluble vitamin

Deficiency symptoms= Hemorrhaging

Hemophilia= a hereditary disease in which the blood is unable to clot because it lacks the ability to synthesize certain clotting factors.

Toxicity symptoms= none

A nonessential nutrient that can be made in the body from glucose. Is part of cell membrane structures.

Non-B vitamin

A nonessential, nonprotein amino acid made in the body from lysine that helps transport fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane.

Non-B vitamin