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| means centralized power and authority norm |
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| achieved when right of centralized authority to have power is accpeted |
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| defined the four types of societies |
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| status difference only by skill, age, and gender (band) |
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| hierarchy of prestige not linked to age, gender, or ability (tribe) |
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| access to key resources is linked to prestige (chiefdom) |
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| leadership backed by force |
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| V. GORDON CHILDE AND DEFINITION OF URBAN SOCIETIES/CITIES |
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| urban revolution, focuesed on identifying cities there were 10 criteria to define urban centers |
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| comparative studies today allows us to better understand patterns and what is unique |
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| 1957 developed the irrigation hypothesis |
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| need to organize labor in arid zones to build and maintain irrigation and encourage the rise of oriental depotism |
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| developed the circumscription hypothesis |
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| early states developed in circumscribed areas (natural or social barriers) |
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| massive stone structure in Salisbury Plains in England, started in Late Neolithic to Early Bronze age |
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| SARSEN CIRCLE AND TRILITHONS |
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| phase 3b, sarsend stones are very hard stone found 30km away from the stonehenge |
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| ring of standing stones at center of Stonehenge, (stone is over 140km away) |
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| source of the bluestones in Wales 240km away |
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| wooden posts erected in a ring of holes dug along the inside of the ditch (phase 1) |
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| richest burial at the time (wrist guards, knifes, earrings, pots) |
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| believes stonehenge is attempt to "freeze" the past that lack a sense of ongoing historical process |
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| 4,500-3,500 stage 3 of stonehenge began |
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| largest great house in Chaco Canyon, 650 rooms covers 2 acres |
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| in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico, large houses |
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| new mexico, arizona, utah, and colorado where social complexity increased |
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| large multi-story structures |
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| subterranean circular chambers |
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| native American Indian who is archaeologist and professor at University of New Mexico |
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| imaging used to discover and research sites from aerial views |
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| around 1000 AD, increase in annual rainfall which increased agricultural surplus |
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| largest Mississippi settlement 1000-1400 AD |
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| measuring concentric tree rings to date wood |
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| adult male buried on bird-shaped platform, mass burials of sacrificed individuals |
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| feasting events were massive with more than 5000 deers |
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| large settlements that includes remains of impressive stone enclosures |
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| 3000 year old major temple platforms, decorated w/strange rock sculptures, containing underground passages |
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| mixture of clay and gravel used for building huts at Great Zimbabwe |
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| center of complex societies, monumental burials and ritual constructions, intensive agriculture, craft specialization |
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| intensive farming, craft specialization, and probable chiefdom |
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