Term
| sensory, integration, muscles, glands, homeostasis, mental |
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Definition
| five functions of the nervous system are: controls _____ input, _______ (of input), control of ___- and ____, regulating other systems via _______, and a center for ______ activities. |
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Term
| controlling, communicating |
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Definition
| the nervous system is the master ______ and _______ system of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the central nervous system consists of the ____ and _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| the _____ nervous system is nervous tissue outisde the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| the ______ nervous system consists of sensory receptors and nerves, and the ______ system is encased in bone |
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Term
| detects transmits receives |
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Definition
| the PNS ______ stimuli and _____ information to the CNS, and _____ information from the CNS |
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Term
| processes, integrates, stores, responds |
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Definition
| the CNS _____, _____, _____ and ______ info from the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| there are ___ sets of cranial nerves and ___ sets of spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the ____ division of the PNS transmits APs from sensory receptors to the CNS |
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Definition
| the ____ division of the PNS carries APs away from the CNS in cranial or spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| two divisions of the PNS motor division |
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Term
| sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric |
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Definition
| three divisions of the PNS's Motor-Autonomic division |
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Term
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Definition
| the ____ system in the ____ division of the PNS innervates skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| the ______ nervous system in the ______ division of the PNS innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands |
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Term
| sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric |
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Definition
| three parts of the ANS of the motor division |
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Term
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Definition
| this division of the ANS is most active during physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| this division can be thought of as the "fight or flight" division of the ANS |
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Term
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Definition
| this division of the ANS regulates resting functions ("rest & digest") |
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Term
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Definition
| the ____ nervous system controls the digestive system |
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Term
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Definition
| the ANS of the Motor Division of the PNS innvervates _____ muscle, _____ muscle, and ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| two principal cell types of the nervous system are _____ and _____ cells. the NS is less than ____ extracellular space. |
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Term
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Definition
| excitable cells that transmit electrical signals |
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Term
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Definition
| glial cells (non-neural cells) surround _____, and account for over ____ of the brain's weight |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ receive stimuli and transmit action potentials |
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Term
| stimuli, action potentials |
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Definition
| neurons receive ____ and transmit _____ |
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Term
| cell body, dendrites, axon |
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Definition
| neurons have what three main components? |
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Term
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Definition
| the _____, aka the ____, is a neuron's primary site of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| dendrites are short, branched _______ extensions of the cell body that usually conduct electrical signals _____ the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| a cytoplasmic extension of the cell body that transmits action potentials to other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron's cell body contains what two main structures? |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ substance is an aggregate of rough ER and free ribosomes in the neuron's cell body. it is the primary site of ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| nissl substance is an aggregate of what two organelles? |
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Term
| golgi apparatus, mitochondria |
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Definition
| list two organelles besides nissl substance and ER that exist in the neuronal soma |
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Term
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Definition
| clusters of cell bodies in teh CNS are called _____, and in the PNS are called ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron has no _____, hence its amitotic nature |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclei are ____ of cell bodies in the ____ nervous system, and ganglia are clusters of cell bodies in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve fibers are called _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| the ____ is the part of the neuron where the axon originates |
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Term
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Definition
| APs are generated in the _______, which is the part of the neuron where the ____ originates |
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Term
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Definition
| axons are slender processes of _____ diameter and range in length from a few ___ to more than a _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| usually there is only one _____ axon per neuron. collateral axons are axons that ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| the branched terminus of an axon is called what? |
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Term
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Definition
| the presynaptic terminal is the branched ____ of an _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| junction between a nerve cell and another cell |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of processes/axons/fibers are called _____ _____ in the CNS and _____ in the PNS |
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Term
| multipolar, interneurons, motor |
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Definition
| ____ neurons have several dendrites and a single axon. ____ and _____ neurons are multipolar |
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Term
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Definition
| interneurons have what structure? |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ neurons have a single axon and dendrite. they are usually components of ____ organs |
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Term
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Definition
| motor neurons have what structure? |
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Term
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Definition
| neuronal components of sensory organs have what structure? |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ neurons have a single axon. most _____ neurons are this structure |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common/likely structure for a neuron is what? |
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Term
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Definition
| in a ____ neuron, the axon branches function as a single axon |
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Term
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Definition
| most sensory neurons are what type? |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory organs have what type of neuron? |
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Term
| scaffolding, segregate, guide, |
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Definition
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Term
| scaffolding, segregate, guide, growth |
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Definition
| glial cells provide a supportive ______ for neurons, insulate and ______ neurons, ____ young neurons to the proper connections, and promote health and _____ |
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Term
| astrocytes, microglial, ependymal, oligodendrocytes |
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Definition
| four types of glial cells in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| two types of glial cells in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| the most abundant, versatile and highly branched type of glial cells in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| the major purpose of astrocytes is? |
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Term
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Definition
| what type of glial cell of the CNS covers capillaries? |
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Term
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Definition
| what type of CNS glial cell covers capillaries? |
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Term
| potassium, neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| CNS astrocytes mop up leaked ____ ions and recycle ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS glial cells that isolate damaged tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS glial cells that range in shape from squamous to columnar and are often ciliated |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized ependymal CNS glial cells that produce CSF are called ____ ____. they help circulate CSF with _____. |
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Term
| ventricles, central canal |
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Definition
| ependymal cells line the ____ of the brain and the ____ _____ of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS glial cells that monitor health of neurons and phagocyze damaged tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| microglia are small, _____-shaped cells with _____ processes |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS glial cell that forms myelin sheaths areound the axons of several CNS neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| oligodendrocytes usually have a ____ to one ratio with CNS neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Schwann cells usually have a ____ to one ration with their PNS neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ PNS glial cells form a myelin sheath around part of the axon, and ____ support and nourish neuron cell bodies within ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| the plasma membrane of schwann cells or oligodendrocytes repeatedly wraps around a segment of an axon to form a ______ ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| a whitish, fatty (protein-lipid), segmented sheath around most long axons |
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Term
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Definition
| In the PNS, clusters of cell bodies are called _____, and bundles of axons/processes are called ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are called _____. bundles of processes/axons are called __________ |
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Term
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Definition
| gaps in the myelin sheath of axons are called what? |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ of axons causes APs to move more quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| unmyelinated axons rest in ______ of schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS) and conduct APs _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| myelinated axons usually form ____ matter, and unmyelinated form _____ matter |
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Term
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Definition
| white matter is nervous tissue that forms ______ in the CNS and _____ in the PNS |
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Term
| neuron cell bodies, cortex, nuclei, ganglia |
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Definition
| gray matter is collections of ____ _____ ____ of unmyelinated axons, and forms the ____ and _____ in the CNS and ______ in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| gray matter forms _____ and _____ in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| gray matter forms _____ in the PNS. |
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Term
| ionic concentration, permeability |
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Definition
| electrical properties of cells result from ______ differences across the plasma membrane, and differences in ______ characteristics of the plasma membrane |
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Term
| Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, K+, negatively-charged proteins |
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Definition
| The concentrations of ___, ___, and ____ are much greater outside the plasma membrane, and the concentration of _____ and _____ is much greater inside the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| negatively-charged proteins are _____ inside the cell and usually can't diffuse through the plasma membrane because of what? |
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Term
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Definition
| the Na+-K+ pump moves ions by _____ transport. ___ ions are moved into the cell, and ____ are moved out of it |
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Term
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Definition
| permeability characteristics of the PM are determined by what two types of channels? |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ ion leak channels are more numerous than ___ leak channels. |
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Term
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Definition
| the plasma membrane is more permeable to _____ than _____ when at rest |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ ion channels include ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, and other gated ion channels |
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Term
| negatively charged proteins |
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Definition
| what type of molecules play a huge part in changing the membrane potential from inside a cell? |
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Term
| neurotransmitter, receptor, acetylcholine |
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Definition
| a ligand in the nervous system is also called a ______. it binds to a _____. an example is ______ |
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Term
| glycoprotein, receptor site |
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Definition
| a receptor is a protein or _____ that has a ____ ____ to which a ligand can bind |
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Term
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Definition
| ligand-gated ion channels are common in what three tissues? |
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Term
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Definition
| voltage-gated ion channels are common in what two types of tissues? |
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Term
| physical deformation of receptors |
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Definition
| "other" gated ion channels open and close in response to what? |
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Term
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Definition
| what two types of receptors usually rely on receptors that physically deform to open ion channels? |
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Term
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Definition
| the restine membrane potential of a cell is the ____ ____ across the plasma membrane when the cell is not being stimulated |
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Term
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Definition
| the negative charge inside the cell is mainly to what diffusing out of the cell? |
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Term
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Definition
| the RMP is about ____ mV. the sodium potassium pump usually pumps out ___ ___ ions for every ____ ___ ions it pumps in. |
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Term
| selective permeability, Na/K pumps, active transport |
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Definition
| three things that maintain an unequal ion distribution across the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ tends to diffuse out of the cell because the plasma membrane is ___ - ___ times more permeable to it |
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Term
| attract K+ and prevent additional K+ from diffusing out |
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Definition
| an equillibrium is established when the negatively-charged ions inside the cell do what? |
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Term
| decrease, decrease, increase, decrease |
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Definition
| depolarization is a decrease in the RMP caused by a(n) ____ in the K+ concentration gradient inside the cell, a(n) _____ in the membrane permeability to K+, a(n) _____ in membrane permeability to Na+ or Ca+, and/or a _____ in extracellular Ca2+ concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| graded potentials can ____, or add together, until threshold is reached |
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Term
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Definition
| anything ____ ____ is a graded potential |
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Term
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Definition
| in a GP, a stimulus causes ion channels to open, resulting in increased permeability to what three ions? |
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Term
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Definition
| depolarization is usually due to what ions? |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperpolartization is usually due to movement of what two ions? |
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Term
| depolarization, threshold, -55 mV |
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Definition
| APs occur whan a graded potential causes ____ of the PM to a level called ____. this is usually a charge of ____ |
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Term
| depolartization, repolartization, afterpotential, hyperpolartization |
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Definition
| three phases in which an AP occurs. the third phase is aka what? |
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Term
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Definition
| depolartization is when ____ diffuses into the cell through ___ -gated ion channels. the _____ of the cell becomes more positive |
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Term
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Definition
| repolartization is when the MP returns toward the _____, ___-gated Na+ channels close, and _____-gated channels open for K+ to diffuse out of the cell |
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Term
| hyperpolarization, Na+K+ pumps |
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Definition
| during afterpotential, ______ occurs briefly but is corrected by ______ _____ |
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Term
| absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| the only way to make sure the AP goes in only one direction is what? |
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Term
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Definition
| the ___ refractory period is when a stronger-than-threshold stimulus can evoke another AP |
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Term
| action potential frequency |
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Definition
| the __- ____ ____ is the number of action potentials produced per unit of time in response to stimuli |
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Term
| stimulus strengh, graded potential |
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Definition
| the AP Frequency is directly proportional to the ___ ____ and the size of the ___ ____ |
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Term
| myelinated, large-diameter |
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Definition
| propagation of APs occurs mostly in what type of axons? |
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Term
| immediately adjacent, nodes of ranvier |
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Definition
| in an unmyelinated axon, APs are generated ____ _____ to previous APs. in a myelinated axon, APs are generated at successive ___________ |
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Term
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Definition
| propagation of APs across nodes of ranvier is called ______ conduction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ____ synapses are ones in which connexons allow ionic currents to move between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| in electrical synapses, these tubular proteins allow ionic currents to move between cells. this is common in what type of muscle? |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac muscle and many types of smooth muscle where coordinated contractions are essential usually have what type of synapse? |
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Term
| terminals, vesicles, membranes, receptors, cleft |
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Definition
| chemical synapses have three components: presynaptic _____ containing synaptic _____, postsynaptic ____ containing _____ for the neurotransmitter, and the synaptic ____ space that separates them |
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Term
| Ca+, release neurotransmitters, synaptic cleft, receptor, ligand |
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Definition
| during a chemical synapse, APs arriving at the presynaptic terminal cause ____ channels to open. when this happens, _____ are released and flood into the ________. they then combine with the ____ sites and cause _____-gated channels to open |
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Term
| enzyme, presynaptic terminal |
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Definition
| chemical synapse activity is stopped in two ways: the NT is broken down by _____, and/or taken up by the ____ _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| substances released from neurons that can pre- or post-synaptically influence the likelihood of an AP occuring |
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Term
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Definition
| Myasthenia Gravis blocks this neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are what type of neurotransmitter? SNRIs block which one of these to treat ADD? |
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Term
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Definition
| what type of neurotransmtr/mod is released from nerves and causes vasodialation? which one treats ED? |
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Term
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Definition
| chain of amino acids that act as neuroxmtrs or hormones and modify actions of NTs |
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Term
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Definition
| neuropeptides are stored where? as larger secretory granules |
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Term
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Definition
| example of neuropeptides acting during pain. _____ signal _____ |
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Term
| excitatory postsynaptic potential, depolarizing |
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Definition
| a _____________ is a depolarizing graded potential of the postsynaptic membrane |
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Term
| depolarizing, postsynaptic |
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Definition
| an EPSP is a _______ graded potential of the _____ membrane |
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Term
| hyperpolarizing, postsynaptic |
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Definition
| an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a ________ graded potential of the ______ membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ summationj occurs when two or more presynaptic terminals simultaneously stimulate a postsynaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ summation occurs when two or more action potentials arrive in succession at a single presynaptic terminal |
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Term
| could be a single neuron, two or more |
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Definition
| how many neurons are required in termporal summation? spatial summation? |
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Term
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Definition
| convergent pathways have ____ neurons synapsing with ____ neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| convergent pathways usually happen with _____ neurons, and divergent pathways usually occur with _____ neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ _____ have collateral branches of postsynaptic neurons synapsing with presynaptic neurons. |
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