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in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
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a five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides |
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an organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA |
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| a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine |
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a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil |
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the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA |
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| the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine |
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| the order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA |
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the process of making a copy of DNA |
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an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule |
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an enzyme that separates DNA strands |
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a Y-shaped point that results when the two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated |
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| semi-conservative replication |
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in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new |
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a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule |
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ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
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ribosomal RNA, an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function |
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| the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template |
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the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains |
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| the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA |
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a five-carbon sugar present in RNA |
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messenger RNA, a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein |
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an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation |
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an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template |
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a nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene |
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| a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene |
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the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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in DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal |
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a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA |
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the complete genetic material contained in an individual |
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