Term
| What specialty within medicine most directly deals with the skeletal system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main functions of cartilage? (HW - page 147) |
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Definition
"Supports soft tissue
Provides a gliding surface at articulations
Provides a model for most bones
" |
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Term
| List the three types of cartilage and their locations within the body. (HW - page 147) |
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Definition
"Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage" |
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Term
| List and define the two types of growth that cartilage undergoes. (HW - page 147) |
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Definition
| Interstitial growth: 1) Chondrocytes in lacunae undergo mitosis. 2) 2 cells occupy a single lacuna. 3) The 2 cells synthesize new matrix & push apart. Appositional growth: 1) Stem cells at the internal edge of the perichondrium divide forming new stem cells & chondroblasts 2) The new chondrocytes produce new matrix |
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Term
| What level of organization (cell, tissue, organ, system, organism) are individual bones? (Consider the definition of each level.) |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are individual bones considered organs? (Consider the definition of what an organ is.) |
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Definition
| They are specific structures with specific functions and are made of all four of the primary tissue types. |
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Term
| List the four functions of bone as given by the authors. (HW - page 147) |
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Definition
"Support & protection
Movement
Hemopoiesis
Storage of mineral and energy reserves" |
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Term
| List and define the four types of bone based on shape. (HW - page 149) |
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Definition
"Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones" |
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Term
| Based on shape, what are bones that are longer than they are wide? (HW - page 149) |
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Definition
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Term
| Based on shape, what are bones that are about as wide as they are long and important in transferring forces? (HW - page 149) |
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Definition
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Term
| Based on shape, what are bones that are broad for protection and muscle attachment? (HW - page 149) |
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Definition
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Term
| Based on shape, what are bones that are variable in their shape? (HW - page 149) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another term for the shaft of a long bone? (HW - page 150) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the part of a bone that ossifies separately at the proximal or distal end of a long bone and later unites with the shaft of the bone?(HW - page 150) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the transitional zone at which the diaphysis and epiphysis of a bone come together? (HW - page 150) |
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Definition
| metaphysis (epiphyseal plate or line) |
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Term
| What is the smooth, avascular tissue on the surface of a bone taking part in a joint? (HW - page 151) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the space within the diaphysis of a bone? (HW - page 151) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dense irregular connective tissue lining of the space within the shaft of a bone? (HW - page 151) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone except the articular surface? (HW - page 151) |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of bone cells are stem cells derived from mesenchyme and found within the periosteum and endosteum? (HW - page 151) |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of bone cells are formed from stem cells and produce new bone? (HW - page 151) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are mature bone cells? (HW - page 152) |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of bone cells dissolve bone matrix? (HW - page 152) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is bone matrix? (HW - page 152) |
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Definition
"1/3 organic components
Cells, collagen fibers, and ground substance
2/3 inorganic components
Calcium phosphate
Calcium hydroxide
Along with calcium phosphate forms hydroxyapatite)
Calcium carbonate
Ions of sodium, magnesium, sulfate, and fluoride
" |
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Term
| What type of bone lies on the outside of an individual bone? (HW - page 153) |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of bone forms a latticework within an individual bone? (HW - page 153) |
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Definition
"Cancellous (spongy) bone
" |
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Term
| What is the basic structural and functional unit of cortical bone? (HW - page 153) |
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Definition
| An osteon (Haversian system) |
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Term
| What are two synonyms for bone growth? (HW - page 156) |
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Definition
"Osteogenesis
Ossification" |
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Term
| What type of bone growth occurs in the flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, the mandible, and the central part of the clavicle? (HW - page 156) |
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Definition
"Intramembranous ossification
" |
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Term
| Outline intramembranous ossification. (HW - page 156) |
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Definition
"Ossification centers form within the thickened regions of mesenchyme.
Bone matrix (osteoid) undergoes calcification.
Woven bone and its surrounding periosteum form.
Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact bone and spongy bone form." |
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Term
| What type of bone growth occurs in the bones of extremities, vertebrae, and the ends of the clavicles? (HW - page 156) |
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Definition
"Endochondral ossification
" |
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Term
| Outline endochondral ossification. (HW - page 156) |
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Definition
"1) The fetal hyaline cartilage model develops. 2) Cartilage calcifies, and a bone collar forms. 3) The primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis. 4) Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis. 5) Bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates. 6)Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines.
" |
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Term
| What is the anatomical term for “growth plate”? (HW - page 158) |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does a bone increase in length? (HW - page 158) |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does a bone increase in diameter? (HW - page 158) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the continual deposition of new bone tissue and removal of old bone tissue? (HW - page 160) |
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Definition
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