Term
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Definition
| transduce different forms of energy in the "real world" into nerve impulses |
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Term
| 4 functional categories of sensory receptors |
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Definition
1. chemoreceptors
2. photoreceptors
3. thermoreceptors
4. mechanoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| sense chemicals in the environment (taste, smell) or blood |
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Term
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Definition
| sense light (located in eyes and skin) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stimulated by mechanical deformation of the receptor (hearing, touch) |
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Term
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Definition
1. pain receptors that depolarize when tissues are damaged
2. can by myelinated (sudden, sharp pain) or unmyelinated (dull, persistent pain) |
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Term
| neurotransmitters for nociceptors |
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Definition
| glutamate and substance P |
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Term
| How are sensory receptors classified? |
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Definition
| by the type of information they deliver to the brain |
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Term
| 3 classifications of sensory receptor categories |
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Definition
1. proprioceptors
2. interoceptors
3. exteroceptors |
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Term
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Definition
1. sensory receptors found in muscles, tendons and joins
2. provide a sense of body position |
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Term
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Definition
1. sensory receptors found in organs
2. respond to internal stimuli
3. monitor blood pressure, pH, oxygen concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. sensory receptors that respond to stimuli from outside the body |
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Term
| 2 categories of sensory receptors based on how they respond to a stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| respond with a burst of activity when stimulus is first applied, but quickly adapt to the stimulus by decreasing response (FADES/PHASES OUT) |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain a high firing rate as long as the stimulus is applied (Blood O2 level) |
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Term
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Definition
| stimuli produce depolarizations called generator potentials (like a threshold) |
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Term
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Definition
1. located close to the epidermis
2. more receptors that respond to cold than hot
3. stimulated by cold and inhibited by warm
4. can respond to menthol |
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Term
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Definition
1. located deeper in the dermis
2. excited by warming and inhibited by cooling |
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Term
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Definition
| the pain experienced by a hot stimulus is sensed by a special nociceptor called a CASPIAN nociceptor |
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Term
| neural pathways from pressure receptors and proprioceptors |
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Definition
1. carried by large, myelinated fibers
2. synapse in the medulla oblongata and thalamus |
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Term
| neural pathways from heat, cold and pain receptors |
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Definition
1. carried by thin myelinated and unmyelinated neurons into the spinal cord
2. synapse within the spinal cord and thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
1. area of the skin that changes the firing rate of a neuron when stimulated
2. size depends on the density of receptors in the skin |
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Term
| two-point touch threshold |
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Definition
| receptive fields are measured by seeing at what distance a person can perceive two separate points of touch |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors that are most strongly stimulated inhibit those around them |
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Term
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Definition
| bumps on the tongue where taste buds and cells are located |
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Term
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Definition
anterior, posterior & sides
(use 3 different nerves) |
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Term
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Definition
1. specialized epithelial cells
2. behave like neurons by depolarizing and producing action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
1. on tip of tongue
2. Na+ enters taste cell and depolarizes it |
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Term
| SWEET and umami (savory) taste buds |
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Definition
1. on tip of tongue
2. Sugar or glutamate binds to receptor and activates G-proteins/2nd messengers to close K+ channels |
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Term
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Definition
1. located on sides in back of tongue
2. H+ enters cell and depolarizes it |
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Term
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Definition
1. on sides in back of tongue
2. Quinine binds to receptor, activates G-protein/2nd messenger to release Ca2+ into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
1. G-protein coupled
2. proteins in the cilia bind to odors (on roof of nose)
3. opens Na+ and Ca2+ channels
4. 350 genes code for 350 different olfactory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
1. unmyelinated
2. synapse on the glomerulus in the olfactory bulb (specific) |
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Term
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Definition
1. provides a sense of equilibrium
2. located in the inner ear
3. consists of UTRICLE and SACCULE, semicircular canal |
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Term
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Definition
1. provide info. about linear acceleration
- utricle: horizontal
- saccule: vertical |
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Term
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Definition
1. detect rotation
2. project along 3 planes |
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Term
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Definition
when a person's body is spinning, eye movements are toward the opposite direction of the spin to maintain a fixation point
(responsible for jerky eye movement) |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of equilibrium caused by nystagmus |
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Term
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Definition
1. frequency - measured in hertz (Hz), higher frequencies have higher pitches
2. intensity (loudness) - measured in decibels |
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Term
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Definition
1. pinna (auricle)
2. external auditory meatus (ear canal)
3. tympanic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
1. cavity btwn the tympanic membrane and the cochlea
2. contains 3 bones: malleus, incus, stapes |
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Term
| organ of corti (spiral organ) |
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Definition
| 1. sensory hair cells located on the basilar membrane |
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Term
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Definition
1. sound waves aren't conducted from the outer to the inner ear
2. due to buildup of EAR WAX, too much FLUID in the middle ear, DAMAGE to the eardrum, or OVERGROWTH OF BONE in the middle ear
3. impairs hearing, but can be helped by hearing aids |
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Term
| senorineural/perceptive deafness |
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Definition
1. nerve impulses aren't conducted from the cochlea to the auditory cortex
2. due to DAMAGED HAIR CELLS (from loud noises)
3. impairs hearing of particular sound frequencies
4. may be helped by COCHLEAR implants |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. transduce light energy into nerve impulses |
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Term
| receptors for rods & cones (in retina) |
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Definition
rods - light, dark
cones - color |
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Term
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Definition
1. part of the external world projected onto the retina
2. right side is projected onto the left side of the retina
3. left side is projected onto the right side of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
1. neuron axons in the retina are gathered at a point called the optic disc (blind spot)
2. blood vessels also enter here |
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Term
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Definition
1. inner layer - photoreceptors for rods and cones
2. middle layer of bipolar cells - where the receptors synapse
3. outer layer of ganglion cells - where bipolar cells synapse |
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Term
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Definition
S: short wavelengths, blue
M: medium wavelengths, green
L: long wavelengths, red |
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Term
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Definition
1. have the photopigment MELANOPSIN
2. axons from ganglion cells synapse on the thalamus (eyes), then synapse on the occipital lobe
3. 20-30% synapse in the midbrain |
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Term
| melanopsin (photopigment of ganglion cells) |
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Definition
1. sends info. about illumination
2. helps control pupillary reflex
3. sets circadian rhythms |
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