Term
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Definition
The ability to recieve and respond to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulation of muscle cells generates tension causes cells to shorten (pull on bones of skeleton). |
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Term
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Definition
Locomotion,
Cadiac muscle,
Smooth muscle helps maintain blood pressure or propel substances
Muscles also maintain posture, stabilizes joints, generates heat |
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Term
| Skeletal Muscle: 3 Connective Sheaths |
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Definition
| Epimysium, Perimysium Endomysium |
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Term
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Definition
(upon) dense irregular connective tissue, surrounds skeletal muscle
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Term
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Definition
(around) dense irregular connective tissue, contains blood vessels and nerves
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Definition
| Endomysium - (within) innermost areolar connective tissue layer with reticular fibers for binding. |
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Term
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Definition
(germinating) Embryonic skeletal muscle cells, contain single nucleus
Fuse to form skeletal muscle fibers |
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Definition
| A bundle of muscle fibers seperated from other bundles of fibers by dense connective irregular connective tissue (perimysium) |
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Definition
| Multiple fascicles housing many muscle fibers, connective tissue coverings, blood vessels, nerve fibers. Covered by epimysium. |
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Term
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Definition
| myofibrils, separated from other fibers by areolar connective tissue (endomysium) |
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Term
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Definition
| Contractile element within a muscle fiber, composed of myofilaments (striations) |
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Term
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Definition
| Thick filaments(myosin) and thin filaments (actin, tropomyosin, and troponin) |
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Term
| Muscle order (smallest to largest) |
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Definition
Myofilaments (thick and thin)
Myofibril (myofilaments)
Muscle Fiber (many myofibrils)
Fascicle (many muscle fibers)
Muscle (multiple fascicles) |
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Term
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Definition
| less mobile attachment of muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| more mobile attachment (insertion is pulled towards origin) |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| deep invaginations into the sarcolemma that extend to the sarcoplams of skeletal muscle fibers. Helps coordinate muscle contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores calcium ions needed to initiate muscle contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sacs within the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR). Reservoirs for calcium release to initate muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| two strands of protein (G actin and F actin) twisted together. |
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Term
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Definition
regulatory protein
1) attaches to actin
2) attaches to tropomyosin to hold it in place
3) troponin provies a binding site for calcium ions |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of double stranded protein, myosin. |
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Term
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Definition
| dark region, contains thick filament, some thin filaments sections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of thin filaments only |
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Term
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Definition
| light, central region of A band. Only thick filaments present. During contraction, thin filaments pulled into H zone and zone disappears. |
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Term
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Definition
| Center of H zone in relaxed fiber, attachement site for thick filaments and keeps thick filaments aligned during contraction and relaxation. |
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Term
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Definition
| center of I band, attachement site for thin filament heads. |
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Term
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Definition
| Functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor neuron transmits the effect of a nerve impulse to the muscle fiber at neuromuscular junction |
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Term
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Definition
| expanded tip of the axon, when it nears the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber, it expands further to cover a relatively large surface area. Nerve impulse travels through the axon to the synaptic knob |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| specialized region of the sarcolemma. It folds and indentations to increase the membrane surface area covered by the synaptic knob. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the motor end plate act like doors that normally are close. ACh is the key to open these receptor doors. |
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Term
| Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
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Definition
| resides in the synaptic cleft, rapidly breaks down molecules of ACh that are released into the synaptic cleft. AChE is needed so that ACh will not continuously stimulate the muscle |
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Term
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Definition
1) A nerve impulse causes ACh release at a neuromuscular junction. ACh binds receptors on the motor end plate, initiating a muscle impulse
2) The muscle impulse spreads quickly along the sarcolemma and into the muscle fiber along the T-tubule membranes
3) Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and expose active sites on actin. Myosin heads attach to the actin and form crossbridges.
4) Myosin heads go through cyclic "attach, pivot, detach, return" events as the thin filaments are pulled past the thick filaments. ATP is required to detach the myosin heads and complete the sequence. Sarcomere shortens, and the muscle contracts. Cyclic event continues as long as calcium ions remain bound to toponin.
5) Calcium ions are moved back into the SR by ATP driven ion pumps to reduce calcium concentration in the sarcoplasm, leading to relaxation. Termination of muscle impluse results in passive sliding of myofilaments back to their original state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle fiber either contracts completely or does not contract at all. When a motor unit is stimulated, all its fibers contract at the same time. |
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Definition
| No movement, muscle tension is less than the resistance, muscle does not shorten |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscel tension equals or is greater than reisistence. The muscle shortens, movement occurs. |
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Term
Concentric Contractions
(An Isotonic Contraction) |
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Definition
| Actively shorten a muscle (lift a baby from the crib) |
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Term
Eccentric Contraction
(An isotonic contraction) |
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Definition
| actively lengthen a muscle (place baby in crib without dropping) |
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Term
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Definition
1) small in diameter
2) continue contracting for an extended period of time
3) slow to fatigue
4) Many mitochondria (to produce greater amounts of ATP)
5) Many myoglobin
6) Aerobic
7) Extensive capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
1) Quick ATP use
2) Anaerobic (using vast amonts of ATP)
3) White (pale)
4) Sparse capillaries
5) fast contraction velocity
6) large diameter
7) few mitochondria
8) small myoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentrically arranged around an opening or a recess (sphincter) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fascicles run parallel to its long axis, high endurance not very strong, Rectus abdominus |
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Term
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Definition
| Triangle muscle with common attachment site (Pectoralis Major). Direction of pull can be chantged |
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Definition
| Muslce body has one or more tendon. Fascicles at oblique angel to tendon. Pulls harder than a parallel muscle of equal size |
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Definition
| All muscle fibers on the same side of the tendon (Extensor digitorum) |
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Definition
| Muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon (Rectus femoris) |
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Definition
| tendon branches within the muslce (deltoid) |
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Term
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Definition
| Wasting of the muscle tissue that results in reduction in muscle size, tone and power. Muscle atrophy is initially reversable, dead or dying muscle fibers cannot be replaced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in muscle fiber size. No increase in fiber number (hyperplasia). Increase in number of myofibrils per fiber in fast fibers. Repetitive, exhaustive stimulation results in more mitochondria, larger glycogen, and an increased ability to produce ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fulcrum in the middle between effort and resistance (scissors, atlanto-occipital joint in the neck) |
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Term
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Definition
| Resistance is between the fulcrum and the applied effort (lifting handles of a wheelbarrow, plantar flexion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Effort is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum (Fulcrum is the joint between humerous and ulna, effort is applied by the biceps brachii, resistance is what's in the hand) |
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Term
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Definition
| Prime mover, muscle that contracts to produce a particular movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle whose actions oppose those of the agonist. Agonist produces extension, antagonist would produce flexion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle that assists the agonist in performing its action |
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Term
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Definition
1) Cells are short and branching
2) one or two nuclei in the center of the cell
3) cells joined by intercellular junctions in intercalated discs
4) Sarcomere
5) t-tubules overlie Z discs
6) composed of thick and thin filaments
7) contain SR but less than skeletal muscle
8) More mitochondria than skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
1) cells are long and cylindrical
2) multiple nuceli at the periphery of the cell
3) Cells do not have specialized intercellular junctions
4) Sarcomere
5) T-Tubules overlie A band/I band junctions
6) Composed of thick and thin filaments
7) SR but more than in cardiac muscle
8) Fewer mitchondria than in cardia muscle |
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Term
| Naming of skeletal muscles |
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Definition
Muscle names incorporate the following qualities of the muscles:
1) Appearance
2) Location
3) Function
4) Orientation
5) Unusual Features |
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