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| Cells, Growth and Division |
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| Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells. |
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| Production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent |
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Offspring produced by sexual reproduction inherit some of their genetic information from each parent
They get together in the bedroom;) |
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| Genetic information is bundled into packages of DNA |
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| Complex of Chromosome and protein |
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| Biologist described the life of a cell as one cell division after another separated by an " in- between" period of growth |
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| First Stage of the process division of cell nucleus |
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| second stage division of the cytoplasm |
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| first phase, is usually the longest and may take up to half of the total time required to complete mitosis |
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| Duplicated strands of DNA molecule can be seen to be attached along their length at an area called ^ |
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| Each DNA strand in the duplicated chromosome is referred to as a sister chromatid or ^ |
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| Spindle fibers extend from a region called the centrosome, where tiny paired structures called ^ |
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| Second phase of mitosis, is the shortest |
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| Third phase of mitosis begins when sister chromatids suddenly separate and begin to move apart. |
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| Following anaphase fourth and final phase of mitosis. During telophase the chromosomes which were distinct and condensed, begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin |
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| Protein that regulates the cell cycle. |
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| stimulate growth and division of cells. |
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| process of programmed cell death |
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| disorder in which body cells lose the ability to control growth |
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| Cancer cells a mass of cells |
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| Living things pass through a developmental stage |
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| Process by which cells become specialized. |
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| The cell is able to do everything to develop into any type of cell in the body including the cells that make up themembranes and placenta. extraembryonic |
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| Human embryo forms into this a hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass. |
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| Human embryo forms into a hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells known as the inner cell mass. |
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| Cells can develop into this but not all of the body's cell types. They cannot form the tissues surrounding the embryo. |
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| Implies sit at the base of a branching stem of development from which different cell types form. |
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| Limited potential adult stem cells are referred meaning they can develop into many types of differentiated cells. |
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| The scientific study of heredity, key to understanding what makes each organism unique. |
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| Specific characteristic such as a seed color or plant height, of an individual. |
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| Mendel crossed plants with each of the seven contrasting characteristic and then studied their offspring. Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits. |
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| Mendel's conclusion that states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. |
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| During sexual reproduction male and female reproductive cells join in a process , this process produces a new cell. |
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| Scientists called the factors that are passed from parent to offspring |
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| Different forms of a gene |
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Definition
| separation of alleles during gamete formation |
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| Concept you may have learned in math class it is the likelihood that a particular event will occur |
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| Organisms that have identical alleles for a particular gene TT or tt. |
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| Organisms that have two different alleles for the same gene such as Tt |
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| mathmatical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic crosses. |
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| Principle states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation. |
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| A gene with more than two alleles. |
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| Traits controlled by two or more genes. Polygenic means many genes |
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| Two sets of chromosomes from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent. |
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| A cell that contains both sets of chromosome is said to be diploid meaning two sets |
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| process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. |
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| pairing forms of a structure which contain four chromatids |
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes form tetrads they undergo this process. Pg 324 for process |
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Definition
| after fertilized the egg undergoes cell division by mitosis and forms a new organism |
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| EXAMPLE OF THE PROCESS IS 326 REVIEW THIS. |
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| one type of bacteria ( harmless form) had been changed permanently into another ( the disease causing form) |
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Definition
| kind of virus that infects bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenine - Thymine and Guanine with Cytosine |
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Definition
| Before cell divides it duplicates its DNA in a copying process |
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Definition
| principal enzyme involved in DNA replication . It is an enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA |
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Definition
| DNA at the tips of chromosomes, DNA is particularly difficult to replicate |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA and Protein Synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| is a nucleic acid that consist of a long chain of nucleotides and is complementary to the DNA strand. |
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Definition
| RNA molecules that carry copies of these instructions |
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Definition
| Subunits are made up of several rRNA molecules an as many 80 different proteins |
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Definition
| Each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by the coded messages in mRNA known as tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| this is similar to DNA polymerase RNA polymerase binds to DNA during transcription and separates the DNA strands |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme binds only to this regions of DNA that has specific base sequences. |
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Definition
| portions that are cut out and discarded |
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Definition
| remaining pieces, spliced back together to form the final mRNA. |
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Definition
| Proteins that are joining amino acids together into long chains. |
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Term
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Definition
| A,C,G,U Genetic code is read three leters at a time so each word is three bases long and corresponds to an amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| three letter word in mRNA |
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Definition
| decoding of the mRNA message into a protein process |
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Definition
| Each tRNA molecule has three unpaired bases . Anti codon is complementary to the mRNA codon. |
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Definition
| the way in which DNA and RNA and proteins are involved in putting genetic info into action in living cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| heritable changes in genetic info |
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Term
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Definition
| occur at a single point in the DNA sequence |
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Definition
| because they shift the reading frame of the genetic message. |
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Definition
| chemical or physical agents in environment. |
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| condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes |
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Definition
| group of genes that are regulated together |
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| other region. O site is where DNA binding protein lac repressor can bind to DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| blocking gene expression by means of miRNA silencing complex |
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Term
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Definition
| gene regulation help cells undergo this becoming specialized in structure and function |
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Definition
| code for transcription factors that activate other genes that are important in cell development and differentiation |
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Definition
| regulates organs that develop in specific parts of the body |
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Definition
| located side by side in a single cluster, determines identities of each segment of a fly's body |
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Term
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Definition
| full set of genetic info that an organism carries it's DNA |
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Definition
| complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs arranged in order of decreasing size |
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Definition
| two of 46 chromosomes in the human genome , because they determine an individuals sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| distinguish them from sex chromosomes the remaining 44 human chromosomes are known as autosomal chromosomes. |
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Definition
| gene located on a sex chromosome |
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Definition
| shows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationships between parents, siblings, and offspring. |
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Term
| Where genome started was CHAPTER 14 HEREDITY |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| highly specific substances cut even the largest DNA molecule into precise pieces called restriction fragments that are several hundred bases in length |
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Definition
| separate and analyze the differently sized fragments |
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Term
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Definition
| Human Genome Proj. was a new field of study root word refers to creation , development and operation of databases and other putting to collect organize and interpret data |
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Term
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Definition
| study of whole genomes including genes and their functions. |
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