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Definition
| having no fixed home, moving from place to place according to seasons and availability of food and water. (p. 5) |
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| a Native American whose civilization flourished in what is now southern Mexico in the period 1200-400 B.C. (p. 6) |
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| a Native American people whose civilization flourished in Guatemala and the Yucatán Peninsula between about A.D. 250 and 900. (p. 6) |
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| a Native American people that settled in the Valley of Mexico in the 1200s A.D. and later developed a powerful empire. (p. 6) |
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| a Native American people that around A.D. 1400 created an empire reaching nearly 2,500 miles along the west coast of South America. (p. 6) |
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| a Native American group that lived in the valleys of the Salt and Gila rivers (in what is now Arizona) from about 300 B.C. to A.D. 1400. (p. 7) |
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| a Native American group that lived on the mesa tops, cliff sides, and canyon bottoms of the Four Corners region (where Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah meet) from about A.D. 100 to 1300. (p. 7) |
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| a mound builder society that was centered in the Ohio River Valley and flourished from about 700 B.C. to A.D. 100. (p. 7) |
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| a mound builder society that was centered in the Ohio River Valley and flourished from about 200 B.C. to A.D. 400. (p. 7) |
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| the last and most complex of the mound builder societies, inhabiting the Ohio and Mississippi valleys from about A.D. 700 into the 1500s. (p. 7) |
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| a Native American people that formerly inhabited the coastal marshlands of what is now California. (p. 8) |
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| a Native American people that formerly inhabited the northwestern coastal region of North America. (p. 9) |
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| a group of Native American peoples- descendants of the Anasazi- inhabiting the deserts of the Southwest. (p. 9) |
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| a group of Native American peoples inhabiting the woodlands of the Northeast. (p. 10) |
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| the ties between members of a family. (p. 13) |
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Definition
| the assignment of different tasks and responsibilities to different groups or individuals. (p. 13) |
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| a religion founded in Arabia in A.D. 622 by the prophet Muhammad; its believers are called Muslims. (p. 15) |
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| a large farm on which the labor of slaves or other workers is used to grow a single crop, such as sugar cane or cotton. (p. 16) |
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| an empire that, at the height of its power in the 1500s, controlled much of West Africa. (p. 16) |
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| a dry grassland dotted with trees and bushes, found in sub-Saharan Africa and other tropical or subtropical regions. (p. 17) |
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| a West African Kingdom that flourished in the Niger Delta region (in what is now Nigeria) from the 14th to the 17th century. (p. 17) |
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| a group of small kingdoms along the Zaire River in West-Central Africa, united under a single leader in the late 1400s. (p. 17) |
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| a group of people descended from a common ancestor. (p. 18) |
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| Portuguese prince from the early 15th century, often called “Henry the Navigator,” sent Portuguese ships to explore the west coast of Africa. (p. 20) |
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| a period of European history, lasting from about 1400 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world. (p. 20) |
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| a social ordering by rank or class. (p. 20) |
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| a household made up of a mother, a father, and their children. (p. 21) |
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| a series of Christian military expeditions to the Middle East between A.D. 1096 and 1270, intended to drive the Muslims from the Holy Land. (p. 22) |
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| a religious movement in 16th-century Europe, growing out of a desire for reform in the Roman Catholic Church and leading to the establishment of various Protestant Churches. |
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| a Geneoese sailor who set sail trying to find a trade route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean for Spain, instead he found the Americas. (p. 26) |
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| a Native American people of the Caribbean islands- the first group encountered by Columbus and his men when they reached the Americas. (p. 27) |
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| the establishment of outlying settlements by a parent country. (p. 28) |
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| the transfer- beginning with Columbus’s first voyage- of plants, animals, and diseases between the Western Hemisphere and the Eastern Hempisphere. (p. 29) |
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| the 1494 treaty in which Spain and Portugal agreed to divide the lands of the Western Hemisphere between them. (p. 30) |
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