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Chapter 1 Vocab
Vocab for Chapter 1 of AP Human Geography
64
Geography
9th Grade
11/03/2011

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Term
map
Definition
a two-dimensional or flat-scale model of the Earth's surface, or a portion of it
Term
place
Definition
a specific point of Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic
Term
region
Definition
an area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features
Term
scale
Definition
the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and the Earth as a whole
Term
space
Definition
the physical gap or interval between two objects
Term
connections
Definition
relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
Term
cartography
Definition
the science of mapmaking
Term
small-scale
Definition
a map that shows the entire area of the globe, or a large portion of it.
Term
large-scale
Definition
a map that shows a small portion of the Earth's surface in great detail
Term
projection
Definition
the scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map
Term
township
Definition
a square 6 miles on each side
Term
principle meridians
Definition
the north-south lines separating townships
Term
base lines
Definition
the ease-west lines separating townships
Term
sections
Definition
portions of a township, each of which is 1 mile long and 1 mile wide
Term
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Definition
a computer system that can capture, store, quesry, analyze, and display geographic data
Term
remote sensing
Definition
the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or fromother long-distance methods
Term
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Definition
a system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth
Term
location
Definition
the position that something occupies on the Earth's surfact
Term
Toponym
Definition
the name given to a place on Earth
Term
site
Definition
the physical character of a place
Term
situation
Definition
the location of a place relative to other places
Term
meridian
Definition
an arc drawn between the north and south poles
Term
parallel
Definition
a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians
Term
longitude
Definition
a numbering system that identifies the location of each meridian on Earth's surface
Term
Prime Meridian
Definition
the meridian that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, at 0 degrees longitude
Term
latitude
Definition
the numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel
Term
Equator
Definition
the parallel with the largest circumference, where every day has exactly 12 hours of sunlight
Term
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
Definition
Also known as Universal Time (UT) it is the master time reference for all points on Earth.
Term
International Date Line
Definition
the meridian that is opposite the Prime Meridian, which for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude
Term
cultural landscape
Definition
a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation
Term
regional studies
Definition
the contemporary cultural lanndscape approach in geography
Term
formal region
Definition
an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics
Term
functional region
Definition
an area organized around a node or focal point that is defined by a characteristic that dominates at a central focus or node and diminishes in importance outward
Term
vernacular region
Definition
also known as a perceptual region a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
Term
mental map
Definition
an internal representation of the Earth's surface
Term
culture
Definition
that body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people
Term
cultural ecology
Definition
the grographic ctudy of human-environment relationships
Term
environmental determinism
Definition
an approach on how the physical environment caused social development
Term
possibilism
Definition
the idea that the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment
Term
resources
Definition
substances that are useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use
Term
polder
Definition
a piece of land created by draining water from an area
Term
globalization
Definition
a force or process that incolces the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope
Term
transnational corporation
Definition
a corporation that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principal shareholders are located
Term
distribution
Definition
the arrangement of a geature in space
Term
density
Definition
the frequency in which something ovvurs in space
Term
concentration
Definition
the extent of a feature's spread over space
Term
arithmetic density
Definition
the total number of objects in an area
Term
physiological density
Definition
the number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture
Term
agricultural density
Definition
the number of farmers per unit area of farmland
Term
clustered
Definition
objects in an area that are close together
Term
dispersed
Definition
objects that are relatively far apart
Term
pattern
Definition
the geometric arrangement of objects in space
Term
space-time conpression
Definition
describes the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place
Term
spatial interaction
Definition
occurs when places are connected to each other through a network
Term
distance decay
Definition
a phenomenon in which contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears
Term
diffusion
Definition
the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time
Term
hearth
Definition
the place from which an innocation originates
Term
relocation diffusion
Definition
the spread of an idea through the movement of people
Term
expansion diffusion
Definition
the spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process
Term
hierarchical diffusion
Definition
the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places
Term
contagious diffusion
Definition
the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic thoughout the population
Term
stimulus diffusion
Definition
the spread of an underlying principle, even though a character itself apparently fails to diffuse
Term
uneven development
Definition
the increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy
Term
Tobler's First Law of Geography
Definition
"Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things." -Waldo Tobler
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