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| a complex, highly organized social order |
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| simple drawings that looked like the objects they represented |
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| a political unit that included a city and its surrounding lands an villages |
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| a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler |
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| less fertile lands or on sparse, dry grasslands |
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| the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another |
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| River valley civilizations |
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-favored farming
-floods kept the soil fertile
-animals in rivers = good source of food
-because floods were damaging, they built ditched and canals
-early cities had big walls |
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| Governments and religions |
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-at first, priests had greatest power
-worrier kings said that "God had chosen them"
-passed power down to sons
-priests and worshipers gained favor of the Gods |
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-changes in the environment
-volcanos erupted
3 causes of cultural change
1. warfare
2. trade (cultural diffusion)
3. migration |
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| triangular area of marshland formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of some some rivers |
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(3100 BC)
-King of upper Egypt
-united two regions
-used nile as "highway"
-sent armies to towns along the river
-also a trade route
-made Egypt 1st unified state |
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-trained young officials
-wrote a book - in book, told son to avoid errors he had seen in other officials |
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-woman with all the rights of a pharaoh
-1503-1483 BC, encouraged trade with E. Med lands |
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-most powerful pharaoh
-1290-1224 BC: pushed Egyptian rule as far north as Syria |
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helped to shape ancient Egypt
-increasing trade
-kept land fertile |
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Old Kingdom:
1. strong gov't
2. built Pyramids
Middle Kingdom:
1. created drainage system
2. strong civilization
New Kingdom:
1. powerful rulers
2. large empire |
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