Term
| What does Punishers mean? (Traditional Learning) |
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Definition
| A consequence that makes the behavior it follows less likely, either through the presentation of something unpleasant or the removal of something desirable. |
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Term
| What is Social-Learning Theory? |
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Definition
| Stresses the importance of observational learning vicarious reinforcement, and reciprocal determination. |
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Term
| What is observational learning? (Observational learning) |
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Definition
| A form of learning in which an observer's behavior changes as a result of observing a model. |
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Term
| What are the 3 questions Bandura had regarding the modelling process? (Social-Learning Theory) |
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Definition
1. Which models are most likely to influence a child's behavior? Fist does the model possesses a characteristic that the child finds attractive or desirable such as talent.
2. Under what circumstances is this influence most likely to occur? Circumstances under which the model recieves reinforcing or punishing consequences for the behaviour.
3. How does a child's behaviour change as a result of observational learning? |
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Term
| What does Vicarious reinforcement mean? (Observational learning) |
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Definition
| Reinforcing consequences experienced when viewing a model that affect an observer similarity. |
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Term
| What does Vicarious punishment mean? (Observational learning) |
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Definition
| Punishing consequences experience when viewing a model that affect an observer similarity. |
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Term
| What does imitation mean? (Observational learning) |
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Definition
| Behaviour of an observer that results from and to similar to the behaviour of a model. EXAMPLE: When children copy what they have seen, such as climbing on a chair, stealing a cookie. |
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Term
| What does Response inhibition mean? (Observational learning) |
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Definition
| the absence of a particular response that has just been modelled, often the result of vicarious punishment. EXAMPLE: Yelling at a student in class to set an example for the other students. |
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Term
| What are the 3 Reciprocal determinism proposed by Bandura? |
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Definition
P - PERSON - physical characteristics, personality, beliefs, attitudes, etc...
B - BEHAVIOUR - Motor responses, social interactions Language
E - ENVIRONMENT - physical surrounds, family and friends, other social influences |
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Term
| What does Ethology mean? (Theories of development: Evolutionary and Biological approaches) |
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Definition
| The study of development from an evolutionary perspective. |
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Term
| What is Modal Action Patterns? (Classical Ethology) |
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Definition
| A sequence of behaviors elicited by a specific stimulus. EXAMPLE: We see these responses when spiders spin webs, birds build nest, or bears care for newborn cubs. |
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Term
| What does Innate Releasing Mechanism mean? (Classical Ethology) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that triggers an innate sequence or pattern of behaviors. EXAMPLE:- Stickleback freshwater fish with 3 sharp spines- Stickleback leaves the school and builds a tunnel like nest in the sand- female approaches the area the male begins his courtship by stabbing her.- Female follows and male places his face against her tail female releases her eggs, the male fertilizes - The male chases her away and waits for another female. |
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Term
| What is Imprinting? (Sensitive Periods) |
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Definition
| A biological process of some species in which the young acquire an emotional attachment to the mother through following. EXAMPLE: In many bird species whose young can walk almost immediately after hatching baby birds soon begin to follow the mother as she moves about. Lorenz removed just-hatched goslings from their mother and had them follow another animal, , or various non-living objects that he pulled along, or even himself. |
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Term
| What are the 4 characteristics of innate behavior? |
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Definition
1. it is universal
2. it is stereotyped
3. it requires no learning
4. it is minimally affected by the environment. |
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Term
| What are 3 applications of evolutionary theory to human development? |
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Definition
Sociobiology
Cultural and Social structures
Evolutionary development |
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