Term
| What are the definitions of anatomy and physiology |
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Definition
| Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function. Together they study the complementarity of structure and function |
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Term
| What are the levels of structural organization |
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Definition
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system & organismal
Chemical- atoms and molecules
Cellular- organelle and smooth muscle cell
Tissue- smooth muscle tissue
Organ- blood vessel
Organ system- cardiovascular system
Organismal- Human |
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Term
| What are the 11 organ systems, and their main functions & main organs |
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Definition
Integumentary, skeletal, muscle, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, urinary & reproductive
I- nails, skin & hair
S- bones and joints
M- skeletal muscles
E- thyroid gland, thymus, ,adrenal gland, pancreas ovaries and testis
N- Brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory receptors
C- heart and blood vessels
R- lungs, bronchus, larynx, trachea, pharynx & nasal cavity
D-oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small & large intestine & rectum anus
L-red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen & lymph nodes |
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Term
| What are the differences between positive and negative feedback |
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Definition
Negative is the most predominate in nature. Two examples of it are: when the body is cold-it shivers, when the body is hot-it sweats. Negative has afferent and efferent pathways.
Positive feed back is best given by the example: a break or tear occurs in a blood vessel, platlets adhere to the surface and release a chemical, the chemical attracts more platlets, the chemical feedback ends when a plug is formed. Another example of positive feedback is contractions during child birth, the chemical oxytoxan stimulates more frequent contractions |
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Term
| Go through each of the anatomical positions |
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Definition
| Read through Ch. 1 flashcards |
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Term
| Define what appendicular and axial positions are and give an example |
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Definition
Appendicular- limbs (cranal, bachial, femoral & antebrachial)
Axial- head, torso (coxal, cephalic, umbilical, pelvic, epigastric region) |
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Term
| Name all nine abdomino pelvic regions |
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Definition
| l/r hypochondriac, epigastric, l/r lumbar, umbilical, l/r iliac (inguinal), hypogastric (pelvic) |
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Term
| Name all of the abdominopelvic quadrants |
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Definition
| Upper l/r quadrant, lower l/r quadrant |
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Term
| What region is the gallbladder located in most human displays |
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Definition
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Term
| What region is the cecum most often located on human displays |
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Definition
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Term
| What region is the small intestine most often located in human displays |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Basic 8-14
Neutral 7
Acidic 1-6 |
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Term
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Definition
| Buffers resist any adjustments of pH in a system. If a system increases in pH, then a buffer will dissociate H cations in order to decrease the pH. If a systems pH decreases to acidic conditions, it will recapture H cations in order to form a weak acid. |
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Term
| What are the four major biochemicals, macromolecules, their functions and composition |
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Definition
Carbohydrates- sugars and starches provide energy for the cell (monosaccharide (1), polysaccharide (10 or more), glucose, lactose & starch)
Lipids- triglycerides, phospholipids & steriods function to store energy, form strucutral membranes, hormones, bile salts and formation of cholestoral
Protein- hemoglobin, myosin, actin, enzymes, antibodies and they function as transport, movement, structure, defense and catalysts
Nucleic acids- sugar, base, phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| radiation, increase in temperature, harsh chemmicals and extreme pH |
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Term
| What are enzymes, and what is their function |
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Definition
All enzymes are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes and function by increasing the chemical metabolic reaction without being consumed in the process
typically end in -ase |
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Term
| How is ATP synthesized and hydrolyzed |
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Definition
| Hydrolysis will remove an phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate. Dehydration will add a radical phosphate to adenosine diphosphate to form ATP |
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Term
| What is the fluidic model |
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Definition
| Since a phospholipid bilayer is composed of a polar (hydrophillic) and non polar (hydrophobic) head, it has a very fluidic nature to it-constantly moving in order to maintain its properties in the presence of water. Furthermore, their are integral proteins that are lodged/anchored into the fluidic phospholipid bilayer to aid in stability and structure. These proteins will often have glycoproteins-receptor proteins too. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microvilli are finger-like structures that are present in the small and large intestine. Their purpose is to increase the surface area of these organ systems in order to retrieve nutrients in the most efficient way. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are suction like proteins that attach cell membranes together in order to form a seal tight bond. These seals dont allow any molecules to be transferred across the membrane. They are very prevelant in the stomach lining in order to prevent stomach leakage. |
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Term
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Definition
| These resemble zippers. The other parts that are incorporated with these are plaques (bases), linkage proteins (zipper arms), intermediate filaments that extend from the plaque, and the intercellular space. Very prevelant in the heart, skin and muscle. The prevent cell sheets from tearing due to mechanical stress |
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Term
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Definition
| These are proteins made from connexons, that attach cell membranes together but also have channels capable of transferring rapid information and nutrients cell to cell. These are very prevelant in excitable tissue like the heart and smooth muscle- they need to be in sync |
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Term
| What is this protein synthesizing machinery in protein synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| What brings aminmo acids to the ribosome & mRNA complex |
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Definition
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Term
| What unwinds the DNA & what binds to the DNA and forms complementary RNA nucleotides |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| structures are duplicated |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the synthesis phase, and DNA is replicated |
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Term
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Definition
| More structural duplication occurs, this is the final preparation before mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Replicated DNA is conservative or semi conservative |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the stages of mitosis |
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Definition
| prophase, metaphase, anaphase & telophase |
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Term
| Which cells do not undergo mitosis, or any cell replication |
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Definition
| RBC, nervous cells, muscle, cardiac & skeletal cells |
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Term
| Name specific physical properties that happen in interphase |
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Definition
| Chromatin is condensed, nuclear envelope intact & centrioles (two pairs) |
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Term
| What specific physical properties happen during prophase |
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Definition
| Initial spindle fibers from centrioles, nuclear envelope still intact, sister chromatids are formed and have a centromere |
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Term
| What specific physical properties happen at metaphase |
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Definition
| Sister chromatids begin to line up along metaplate, nucear envelope is broken, spindle fibers stretch from pole to pole |
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Term
| What specific physical properties happen during anaphase |
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Definition
| the daughter chromosomes split and travel to each pole |
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Term
| What specific physical properties happen during telophase and cytokinesis |
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Definition
| Cleavage furrow, nuclear envelope begins to come together, nucleolus forming |
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Term
| What are the four major types of tissue |
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Definition
| epithelial, nervous, connective and muscle |
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Term
| What do the four major types of tissues do |
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Definition
Epithelial- forms a boundary from external environment, protects, secretes, absorbs & filters
Nervous- internal communication
Muscle- contracts to cause movement
Connective- supports while connecting other tissue together |
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Term
| Where are epithelial tissue found, and what do they do |
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Definition
They are found throughout the entire body, on organ lining, lining of organal cavities, hollow organs & major tissue glands
Remember, they protect, absorb, secrete a help in filtration |
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Term
| 'What are some important aspects of epithelial cells mentioned in class |
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Definition
Their basal site (base) is polar, the appical site is on top, they are supported always by connective tissue, they are constantly regenerating, and are avascular (meaning they get no blood)
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Term
| What do simple squamos epithelium cells look like and what are their functions |
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Definition
Single layer, flat disc with nuclei and little to zero cytoplasm
They function in surface covering, absorbtion, filtration and secreting lubricating substances in serosae (serous membrane-linings of thoracic cavities) |
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Term
| What do simple cuboidal epithelium cells look like and what is their function |
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Definition
They are single layer cubes with centrally spherical nuclei
and function in secretion and absorption- located in glands and ducts |
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Term
| What do simple columnar epithelium cells look like and what do they function as |
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Definition
Single layer of tall, elongated cells with round-oval nuclei:
Ciliated-transport
Nonciliated-protects underlying tissue
Microvilli-absorbs nutrients
Goblet cells- secretes mucus
An example would be the digestive tract |
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Term
| What do psuedostratified epithelium look like and what is their function |
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Definition
They are elongated cells that appear to be layered, but their nuclei do not align
They function in secretion and movement of mucus like in the trachea |
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Term
| What do stratified squamos epithelium look like and what is their function |
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Definition
They are several layers of squamos cells, that are often kertinized-(layers that continually replicated because of scratching off)
Their function is to protect, this is an example of skin, esophageal lining |
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Term
| Statified cuboidal and columnar epithelium cells look like and what is their function |
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Definition
| Layers of cubodial and columnar cells, and function as lining of lumenal spaces (inner membranes of arterial internal vessels) |
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Term
| What do transitional epithelium look like and what is their function |
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Definition
| transitional epithelium look like cubodial cells that have distension properties, meaning they an expand when neccesary, and located in lining of the urniary bladder. |
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Term
| what are the two types of glandular epithelia |
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Definition
| endocrine (into tissue fluids or blood) and exocrine (secrete into ducts that open to outside surfaces) |
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Term
| Give examples of unicellular and multicellular exocrine glands |
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Definition
unicellular- goblet cells that produce mucin which forms mucus
multicellular- merocrine, holocrine (explosion of cells) |
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Term
| Types of connective tissue |
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Definition
Loose connective- areolar, adipose & reticular
Dense connective- dense regular, dense irregular & elastic
cartilage
bone
blood |
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Term
| How do degrees of vascularity apply to connective tissue |
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Definition
| Some have a lot of blood flow while others do not-if you break a bone, a lot of blood will flow |
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Term
| What is extracellular matrix |
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Definition
| non-living, majority of tissue is matrix (made of a ground substance & fibers) |
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Term
| what are main structures of extracellular matrix |
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Definition
| interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and substances that affect the vicosity of the ground state |
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Term
| What are the three types of fibers |
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Definition
| collagenous (thick straps), elastic (thin but very stretchy) and reticular (branch like) |
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Term
| Name the primary blast cells and mature cells for cartilage, bone and blood |
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Definition
chondroblast-chondrocytes
osteoblast-osteocytes
hematopoietic stem cell-blood cell |
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Term
| give the structure, function and location of areolar tissue |
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Definition
structure: contains all three fibers (collagenous, elastic and reticular), fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells & white blood cells
Function: holds organs together, binds them and holds tissue fluids
Location: beneath epithelium cells & between muscle cells |
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Term
| What is the structure, function and location of adipose tissues |
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Definition
contains all three fibers but sparsely, and adipocytes
function: energy stoage and insulation
location:beneath skin, abdomen, breasts |
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Term
| what is the structure, function & location of reticular |
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Definition
large branched collagenous fibers
function: forms stroma that spport internal organs like liver and spleen (3D framework)
location: lymph nodes, bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| Ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses |
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Term
| Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Definition
collagenous fibers with some elastic and fibroblast
form joints |
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