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Federal government agencies and institutions that implement and administer federal laws and programs |
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| Firing of public-office holders of a defeated political party to replace them with loyalists of the newly elected party |
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| Jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends and political allies for their support. |
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| A system of emoloyment based on qualifications, test scores, and ability, rather than party loyalty |
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| The merit system by which many federal bureaucrats are selected |
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| Independent regulatory commission |
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| An entity created by congress outside a major executive department |
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| Major administrative units with responsibiliy for a broad area of government operations. Departmental status usually indicates a permanent national interest in a perticular governmental function, such as defense, commerce, or agriculture. |
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| Independent Executive Agencies |
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| Governmental units that closely resemble a Cabinet department but have narrower areas of responsibility, and perform services rather than regulatory functions. |
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| Businesses established by Congress to perform functions that could be provided by private businesses. |
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| 1939 act to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan campaigns. It prohibited federal employees from making prolitical contributions, working for a particular party, or campaigning for a particular candidate. |
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| Federal Employees Political Activities Act of 1993 |
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| 1993 liberalization of the Hatch Act. Federal employees are now allowed to run for office in nonpartisan elections and to contribute money to campaigns in partisan elections. |
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| The process by which a law or policy is put into operation |
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| The relatively stable relationships and patterns of interaction that occur among agencies, interest groups, and congressional connittees or subcommittees. |
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| the losse and informal relationships that exist among a large number of actors who work in broad policy areas. |
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| Working groups created to facilitate coordination of policy making and implementation across a host of governmental agaencies. |
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| Administrative Discretion |
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| The ability of bureaucrats to make choices concerning the best way to implement congressional ot ecevutive intentions. |
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| A quasi-legislative process that results in regulations that have the characteristics of a legislative act. |
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| Rules that govern the operation of all government programs that have the force of law. |
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| Administrative Adjudication |
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| A quasi-judicial process in which a bureaucratic agency settles disputes between two parties in a manner similar to the way courts resolve disputes. |
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| Rule or regulation issued by the president that has the sffect of law. All executive orders must be published in the Federal Register. |
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