Term
| Functions of the respiratory system |
|
Definition
• Provides extensive area for gas exchange between air and
circulating blood
• Moves air to and rom the exchange surfaces of the lungs
• Protects respiratory surfaces from dehydration and
temperature changes
• Defends the respiratory systems and other tissues from
invasion by pathogenic microorganisms
• Produces sounds involved in speaking and singing
• Assists the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure and
control of body fluid pH |
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Term
Repiratory Epithelium
Lines? |
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Definition
• Lines the entire respiratory tract except for the inferior
portion of the pharynx, the smallest conducting passageways,
and the alveoli |
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Term
| Repiratory Epithelium Made up of? |
|
Definition
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• Numerous mucous cells |
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Term
Repiratory Epithelium
Function? |
|
Definition
Cilia sweep debris trapped in the mucus toward the pharynx
where it can be swallowed |
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Term
| Upper respiratory system made up of ? |
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Definition
| • Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and pharynx |
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Term
| Upper respiratory system function? |
|
Definition
• Filter, warm, and humidify the air
• Protects the more delicate conducting and exchange
surfaces of the lower respiratory system |
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Term
|
Definition
| Primary passage for air entering the respiratory system. |
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Term
| Describe the nasal septum? |
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Definition
• Bony portion formed by the perpendicular plate of the
ethmoid and the vomer |
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Term
| What bones form the lateral and superior walls of the nasalseptum |
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Definition
| Maxillae, nasal bones, frontal bone, ethmoid and sphenoid |
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Term
| What bones form the floor of the nasal septum |
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Definition
| Maxillae and palantine bones |
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Term
Upper respiratory system nose and nasal cavity
Describe conchae, air flows betweenand bounces off? |
|
Definition
Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior)
• Project toward the nasal septum from the lateral walls
• Air flow between the nasal conchae through the superior,
middle and inferior meatuses
• Narrow grooves rather than open passageways
• Incoming air bounces off the conchal surfaces and
churns like water flowing over rapids |
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Term
| Upper respiratory system-paranasal sinuses? |
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Definition
| Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary |
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Term
| Functions of paranasal sinuses? |
|
Definition
Functions
• Lighten the skull
• Produce mucus
• Helps humidify and warm air
• Traps microorganisms and
particles
• Resonate during sound production |
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Term
| Describe the upper respiratory system-Pharynx |
|
Definition
• Nose, mouth and throat connect to each other
• Extends between the internal nares and the entrances to the
trachea and esophagus |
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Term
| Describe the nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
• Nasopharynx
• Superior portion
• Separated from the oral cavity by the soft palate
• Lined by respiratory epithelium |
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Term
| Location of pharyngeal tonsil? |
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Definition
| Located on the posterior wall |
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Term
|
Definition
| located on the lateral walls |
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Term
|
Definition
Extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue
• Stratified squamous epithelium
• 2 palatine tonsils
• 2 lingual tonsils |
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|
Term
Describe the laryngopharynx
? Location? Between? Lined by? |
|
Definition
• Inferior portion
• Between the hyoid bone and the esophagus
• Lined by stratified squamous epithelium
• Resists mechanical abrasion, chemical attack and
pathogenic invasion |
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Term
|
Definition
| Narrow opening between the pharynx and larynx |
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Term
Lower respiratory system
Larynx? Begins?
Surrounds?
Describe? |
|
Definition
Begins at vertebra C4 or C5 and extends to vertebra C7
• Surrounds and protects the glottis
• Cartilaginous walls stabilized by ligaments and skeletal Muscle |
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|
Term
Thyroid Describe
Forms?
Postier portion?
Anterior Surface? |
|
Definition
• Thyroid
• Forms most of the anterior and lateral walls
• Posterior portion is incomplete
• Anterior surface- laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) |
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Term
| Where is the cricoid located? |
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Definition
| Inferior to the thyroid cartilage |
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Term
| Epiglottis -Location and function |
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Definition
Protects superior to the glottis
During the swallowing the larynx is elevated and the epiglottis folds over the glottis |
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Term
Lower respiratory-(Larynx)
location paired arytenoid cartilages |
|
Definition
| Articulates with the superior border of the enlarged portions or the cricoid catilage and posterior attachment of the vocal chords. |
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|
Term
Lower respiratory-(Larynx)
coriculate ? |
|
Definition
| articulates with the arytenoid cartilages |
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Term
| The corniculate and arytenoid cartilages play a role in? |
|
Definition
| Opening and closing of the glottis and the production of sound |
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Term
| Describe extrinsic ligaments of the larynx? |
|
Definition
Attach to the thyroid cartilage of the bone
Attach the cricoid cartilage to the trachea |
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Term
| Describe intrinsic ligaments of the larynx? |
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Definition
| Binds all nine cartilages together to form the larynx |
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Term
| What ligaments Extend between the thyroid cartilage and arytenoids |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Vestibular ligaments? lining and function |
|
Definition
Help prevent foreign objects from entering the glottis
• Provide protection for the more delicate vocal cords
• Lined with stratified squamous epithelium |
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|
Term
| The vestibular ligaments are also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe vocal ligaments? Lining and function? |
|
Definition
• Band of elastic tissue
• Involved with the production of sound
• Lined with stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
| Another name for vocal ligaments? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Intrinsic laryngeal muscles Functions? |
|
Definition
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
• Functions
• Regulates tension of the vocal folds
• Insert upon the thyroid, arytenoid and corniculate
cartilages
• Opens and closes the glottis |
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic laryngeal muscles Functions? |
|
Definition
Extrinsic laryngeal musculature
• Positions and stabilized the larynx
• Elevates the larynx (bends the epiglottis) during
swallowing |
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|
Term
| Function of the thyroid cartilage? |
|
Definition
| The thyroid cartilage protects the glottis and opening to the trachea |
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Term
| What is the function of the epiglottis |
|
Definition
| During swalloeing the epiglottis folds over the glottis, preventing food or liquids from entering the respiratory passage |
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Term
| Josh uses voluntary muscle contraction to shorten the distance between her thyroid and artenoid cartilages. What is happening to the pitch of his voice? |
|
Definition
| The pitch of his voice is getting lower |
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Term
| How would the absence of intrinsic laryngeal muscles that affect swallowing |
|
Definition
| the glottis would not close without intristic largeal muscle so food could not enter the respiratory passageways |
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Term
| Trachea is also known as the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Begins anterior to vertebra C6 and ends at vertebra T
• Branches to form the right and left primary bronchi |
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Term
| lining of the trachea consists of and seprates what? |
|
Definition
• Lining consists of respiratory epithelium overlying a layer of
loose connective tissue called the lamina propria (mucosa)
• Separates the respiratory epithelium from the underlying cartilage |
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Term
| The trachea consists of how many tracheal cartilages? Prevents what? |
|
Definition
Contains 15-20 tracheal cartilages
• Stiffen the tracheal walls and protect the airway
• Prevent the collapse or overexpansion as pressure changes in the respiratory system |
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Term
| The tracheal cartilages connect to each other by? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The c- shape of the trachea purpose? |
|
Definition
• Closed portion protects the anterior and lateral surfaces
• Open portion faces posteriorly
• Posterior wall can easily change shape during swallowing |
|
|
Term
Trachealis?
What is it?
Connects?
Funtion? |
|
Definition
Trachealis- elastic ligament and smooth muscle
• Connect the ends of the cartilage
• Alters the diameter of the trachea changing resistance to airflow |
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Term
| The trachea branches to form? |
|
Definition
| forms the right and left primary bronchi |
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Term
| Extrapulmonary bronchi located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which primary bronchus is larger in diameter |
|
Definition
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Term
| Where does the bronchus enter the lung? provides access? and is anchored in? |
|
Definition
Enters the lung at the hilum- groove along the medial surface
of the lung
• Also provides access of entry of pulmonary vessels and
nerves
• Anchored in dense connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| The cartilages reinforcing the trachea are c-shaped rather than complete rings. How does this shape facilitate swallowing while still protecting the trachea? |
|
Definition
| The tracheal cartilages are c-shaped to allow for esphogeal expansion when large portions of food or liquid are swallowed |
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|
Term
| What type of epithelium can be observed in the trachea? |
|
Definition
| The trachea has a typical respiratory epithelium, which is pseudostratified, ciliated, columular epithelium cells |
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Term
| How are tracheal cartilages involved in repiration? |
|
Definition
| Trachea catilage prevent the overexpansion or collapse of the airways during repiration, therefore keeping the airways open and functional |
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|
Term
| How can you distinguish the right primary bronchus from the left primary bronchus? |
|
Definition
| The right primary bronchus has a larger diameter extends toward the lungs at a steeper angle. |
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Term
| Why do chronic smokers develop a hacking " smokers cough"? |
|
Definition
| Chronic smoking damages the lining of the air passages. Cila are seared off the surface of the cells bythe heat and a large number of particlesthat escape filtering are trapped in the excess mucus that is secreted to protect the irriated lining. This combination of circumstances creates a situation in which there is a large amount of thick mucus that is difficult to clear from the passages. this cough reflex is an attempt to remove this material from the airways. |
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Term
| Chronic bronchitis involves the overproduction of mucus. Over time how could this affect respiration? |
|
Definition
| The overprodction of mucus can lead to theobstruction of the smaller airways, causing a decrease in respiratory effiency |
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|
Term
| Why are there almost no cilia and no mucous glands in the respiratory bronchiole? |
|
Definition
| filtration and humidification are complete by the time air reaches this point, so the need for those structures is eliminated |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the surfactant produced by the alveolar cells |
|
Definition
| The surfactant coatsthe inner surface of each alveolus and helps to reduce surface tension and avoid the collapse of the alveoli |
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Term
| Lungs are located? Seperated by? |
|
Definition
Lungs are found in the thoracic cavity
• One lung in each pleural cavity
• Separated by the mediastinum |
|
|
Term
| Each lung is covered by serous membranes? |
|
Definition
membranes
• Visceral pleura
• Parietal pleura |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pleural cavity |
|
Definition
Pleural cavity- contains pleural fluid
which reduces friction between the
visceral and parietal surfaces during respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Right
• 3 lobes- superior, middle
and inferior
• Shorter than the left
because of the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Left
• 2 lobes- superior and
inferior
• Cardiac notch- heart
sits within the notch |
|
|
Term
Describe the pulmonary bronchi
Secondary bronchi # for each lobe |
|
Definition
• Secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi)
• 3 for the right lung
• 2 for the left lung
Both contain cartilage plates that
help with support and protection |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pulmonary bronchi Tertiary bronchi # for each lobe |
|
Definition
• Tertiary bronchi (segmental
bronchi)
• 10 for the right lung
• 8 or 9 for the left lung
• Both contain cartilage plates that
help with support and protection |
|
|
Term
| describe the terminal bronchioles #, dominated by? and function |
|
Definition
• Terminal bronchioles
• Tertiary bronchi branch several
times giving rise to 6500
terminal bronchioles each
• Dominated by smooth muscle
(lack cartilaginous support)
• Alters the resistance to airflow |
|
|
Term
| Function of respiratory bronchioles? |
|
Definition
Deliver air to the exchange
surfaces of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Each lung has approximately 150 million alveoli
• Exchange surfaces that are associated with a network of
capillaries
• The alveoli and capillaries are surrounded by a network of
elastic fibers
• Maintain the relative position of the alveoli and respiratory
bronchioles
• Recoils during expiration reducing the size of the alveoli |
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|
Term
| If a pulmonary embolism involves a major pulmonary vessel, why can this cause heart failure? |
|
Definition
| This would place a great strain on the right venticle as it continues to try to force blood through the blocked vessel. Over time the strain can cause heart failure. |
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|
Term
| What is the function of pleural fluid? |
|
Definition
| Pleural fluid provides lubrication between the parietal and visceral surfaces during breathing |
|
|
Term
| What vessels supply the conducting portions of the respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
| the conducting portions of the respiratory tract recieve blood from the ecternal cartoid arteries, the thyrocervical trunck and the bronchial arteries |
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Term
| john breaks a rib that punctures the thoracic cavity on his left side. Which structures are potientally damaged, and what do you predict will happen to the lung as a result. |
|
Definition
| Since the rib penterates the chest wall, the thoracic cavity will be damaged as well as the inner pleura. Atomosperic air will thenenter the pleural cavity. This space normally at a lower pressure than the outside air, so when the air enters, the natural elasticity of the lungs will not be compensated and the lung will collapse. The enty of air into the pleural cavity is called a pneumothorax,the resulting collapsed lung is called atelectasis |
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|
Term
| In emphysema, alveoli are replaced by large air spaces andelastic fibrous connective tissue. How does this change effect the lungs? |
|
Definition
| As a result of emphysma, the larger air space and lack of elasticity will reduce the efficiency of cappillary exchange and pulmonary ventilation |
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|
Term
| Summarize the changes that occur in a newborn infants cardiovasculr and respiratory systems as a newborn infant starts to breathe. |
|
Definition
| During a baby's first breath, air is forced into the lungs sue to the change in pressure. Fluids are pushed out of the way of the conducting passageways and the alveoli immediately inflate with air. Pulmonary circulation becomes activated and this closes the formamen ovale and theductus arteosus |
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Term
| SHallow breathing is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deep breathing is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forced breathing is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quite breathing is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory rhythmicity center? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) is ___________Center? |
|
Definition
| The Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) is inspiratory Center? |
|
|
Term
| The Ventral respiratory group (VRG) is ________center |
|
Definition
| The Ventral respiratory group (VRG) is expiratory center |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory centers are located where? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory centers are located in the pons and medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promotes inspiration by stimulating neurons in the medulla oblongta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits the apeneustic center (inhibits inspiration) |
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