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Process of chewing
Breaks down food into smaller, more manageable pieces |
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Food enters bodies through the mouth
It is cut, crushed, and ground into little pieces by teeth |
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| Churns food into smaller bits |
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Food is moistened by saliva
Moved around in mouth by tongue, which also provides taste sensation |
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| Food is passed from mouth to pharynx, then passed to esophagus |
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From esophagus to stomach
Churned and mixed with gastric juices
New mixture = chyme |
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| Chyme sent to small intestine where food molecules are digested and nutrients are absorbed into bloodstream |
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Nutrient filled blood sent to liver (clears blood and produces bile)
Bile helps digest fats |
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| Gall Bladder and Pancreas |
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Definition
Bile is stored in gall bladder
Gall bladder releases it into small intestine
Pancreas produces digestive juices, releases into small intestine |
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Term
| Large Intestine and Feces |
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Definition
Chyme sent into large intestine (by this time most nutrients have been removed)
Water is absorbed from the waste
Waste is turned into feces |
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Feces is sent to rectum
Expelled from body through anus |
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1 min. to chew
2 secs esophagus
2-4 hrs. in stomach
1-4 hrs. in small intestine
6hrs - dys in large intestine
*Food stays in the body for as little to 9 hrs to dys |
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Worm shaped tube branches off beginning of large intestine
Scientists don't know what it does
Only humans and apes have one |
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Appendix is infected and filled with pus
Pain/cramps near right hip bone
Fever, N&V (nausea and vomiting)
Untreated, can lead to death; bursts and spreads |
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99% water
Dissolves food
Essential for taste |
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| Lubricates the food so it can travel easily through the body |
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| Digestive enzyme that helps break down starch |
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Lysosomes in saliva kill bacteria
Antibodies provide immune defense against potential invaders |
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Secrete about 1L of saliva every day (mostly when we eat)
Chewing can stimulate the mouth to secrete saliva
Controlled by ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) |
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| Soft lump of food formed in your mouth after your tongue has moved the food around |
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The act of swallowing
One of the most dangerous things to do
Oral cavity leads to the pharynx which leads to the esophagus and larynx. Food must cross the airway to get to the esophagus. |
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Rises up and closes the nasal cavity when you swallow
Larynx rises and epiglottis lowers. This seals the larynx so food can't travel down into the trachea |
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Voluntary Oral - bolus is pushed toward posterior part of the mouth by tongue
Pharyngeal - soft palate lifts up and blocks nasal cavity
Esophageal - muscles contract and relax to push bolus down esophagus |
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| Process of contraction and relaxation of circular smooth muscles which pushes food down |
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| There are 8 cranial nerves involved in swallowing. Nerve damage can impact one's ability to swallow. |
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| Skeletal muscle that helps control breathing |
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Kills bacteria / microorganisms
Enhances digestion |
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Cardiac Region - contains lower esophageal sphincter & entrance to stomach
Fundus - above cardiac region
Body - largest part
Narrow pylorus - "gatekeeper"; joins to small intestine |
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Serosa - outer layer; thin and slick; AKA visceral peritoneum
Muscularis - 3 layers of smooth muscle by serosa
Submucosa & Mucosa - contains blood vessels and nerves |
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Openings for gastric glands
Secrete 2 to 3 layers of juice every day
Very acidic |
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| Motor Functions of Stomach |
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Definition
Storage - as it fills, smooth muscle relaxes
Mixing food - smooth muscles contract; food mixes with gastric juice
Vomiting - stomach compresses and contents come up
Growling - hungry! |
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Definition
Nutrients absorbed
Most of digestion takes place here
Chyme travels to small intestine
Approximately 6m/20ft long |
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| Functions of Small Intestine |
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Definition
Mix and propel the chyme
Digest food
Absorb nutrients |
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| Regions of Small Intestine |
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Definition
Duedenum - connects small intestine to stomach; 1ft
Jejunum - 8 ft
Ileum - empties into large intestine; 11 ft |
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Line intestines
Circular folds
Edges lock like tooth brush bristles - gives more surface area to absorb nutrients |
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| Glands in Small Intestine |
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Definition
Exocrine - secrete mucus and protect small intestine from acidic chyme
Endocrine - designed to reduce acidity of chyme as well |
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Term
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Definition
Hormone secreted by endocrine gland of small intestine
Causes gall bladder to contract, pushing bile into small intestine which promotes digestion of fats |
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Term
| Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) |
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Definition
Endocrine hormone of small intestine
Reduces activity of stomach
When too much food goes does s.i., GIP signals stomach to open up and store more food |
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Definition
Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase
Peptidase
Enterokinase |
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Definition
Breaks down maltose
Helps digest carbs (sugar)= glucose + glucose |
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Breaks down sucrose
Helps digest table sugar = glucose + fructose |
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Breaks down lactose
Helps digest milk sugar = glucose + galactose |
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| Helps digest peptides (protein) into amino acids |
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Doesn't break anything down
Activates entrypsinogen intro trypsin which breaks down proteins, too |
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| Motor Functions of Small Intestine |
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Definition
Smooth muscles contract and relax to slosh the chyme back and forth
Moves it right on down to the large intestine |
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Named because its diameter is bigger than that of the small intestine
Approx. 5 ft |
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Cecum - connected to small intestine via ileocecal sphincter which regulates the amount of chume leaving s.i. and appendix
Colon - take chyme , form feces, excrete
Rectum - holding container for feces; allows feces to collect |
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Ascending - chyme goes up
Transverse - chyme moves left to right
Descending - chyme goes down |
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Formed: 1L of water enters colon every day, and only 1/10 of that comes out. The rest is absorbed into bloodstream through large intestine walls
Equals waterless chyme |
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Gas
Polysaccharides not broken down in small intestine are broken down in colon
Stinky |
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100 trillion of them
Help keep the body healthy
Weight about 3 lbs |
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| REctum distends which triggers defecation reflex causes internal anal sphincter to relax. External anal sphincter (EAS) we control and we go when we are able |
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Most complicated organ of digestive sys
Body's largest internal organ
2 Major and Minor Lobes: Left & Right lobes; Caudate & Quadrate |
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Bile production - helps digest fats
Storage - stores fat; converts glucose to glycogen
Synthesis
Detoxification |
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Concentrates the bile produced by liver
Secretes bile into small intestine when needed |
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| Brings oxygen to the liver through oxygenated blood |
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| Brings deoxygenated blood into the liver from the small intestine, stomach, spleen, and liver |
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Divided into lobules
Hexagonal in shape with portal triad at each corner, bile duct, central vein, and hepatic veins |
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Functional cells of liver
Radiate outward from central vein
Look like spokes in a wheel |
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Travels in bile canaliculi
Flows in the opposite direction of blood
Flows into the lobule then out
Helps neutralize gastric juice acid
Emulsifies fats - separates large drops of lipids into smaller drops |
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| Liver converts nutrients into other types of nutrients |
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One of the body's main chemical manufacturing facilities
Liver produces prothrombin, fibrinogen, and blood coagulation |
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Cells in liver are phagocytic
Helps spleen take up worn out RBCs (red blood cells), WBCs (white blood cells), bacteria, and other blood debris |
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Liver detoxifies body
e.g. Ammonia is a byproduct of amino acids. If it built up in the body, it would die. The liver converts ammonia into urea, which isn't toxic. |
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Bile from liver enters via cystic duct
Can live without it
Usually removed because it's full of gallstones = mostly cholesterol |
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Definition
Joins with common bile duct and empties pancreatic juice into the duodenum
Secretes more than 1L of juice every day
Juice contains enzymes
Helps break down jumbo nucleic acids |
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Nutrients the body needs in large amounts
e.g. carbs, fats, protein (out body's source of energy) |
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Nutrients the body needs in small amounts
e.g. vitamins, minerals |
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Large polysacchardies
Amlyase helps digest |
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Lipid
Good because it gives cells their rigidity
In excess, bad |
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Body must have
Linoleic acid (Omega 6) - common in salad oils
Linolenic acid (Omega 3) - found in plant oil (soy oil, pumpkin seeds) |
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Body burns amino acids for energy
Used to make the body's own proteins |
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Helps eyes detect light
Maintains skin cells |
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| Allows calcium being eating and drunk to be absorbed for the bones |
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Antioxidant
Helps protect important chemicals in the body from being destroyed by oxidation |
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1,2,3,5,6,12
Helps body's cellular metabolism
Does a lot of things |
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Helps build collagen in bones and teeth
Helps fight disease |
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Important for hemoglobin in RBCs (red blood cells) to carryout oxygen to tissues
Anemia - lack of iron |
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| Needed in small amounts for thyroid |
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Essential for nerve conduction and water balance
Chloride necessary for pH balance of blood and gastric juice production
Excess sodium causes high blood pressure |
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Used in many enzymes
Essential for carbon dioxide transport |
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| Component of many hormones, vitamins, and proteins the body makes |
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| Essential part of hemoglobin production |
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| Important for proper muscle function |
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