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stage during which a cell carries out its metabolic processes and performs
its functions
• Produce new molecules and organelles
• Duplicate genetic material |
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| stage during which the cell is actually dividing. It produces two identical “daughter” cells. Mitosis only happens in eukaryotes. |
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| nucleus and duplicated chromosomes divide and are evenly distributed into two “daughter nuclei |
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the process by which cytoplasm is divide in two
• Cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells (each containing a nucleus with a set of chromosomes)
o In animals, a “drawstring” of microfilaments pulls the cytoplasm into two separate cells
o In plants, a cell plate forms and grows between the two daughter cells |
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| Cell grows to prepare for division |
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| Genetic material is copied |
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| Cell prepares to divide; chromatin is loosely packed |
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| football-shaped framework of microtubules that guide the chromosomes’ movement during mitosis. |
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| regions of cytoplasmic material that contain centrioles |
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| only in animal cells). Scientists do not understand the role of centrioles in mitosis. |
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• In nucleus, chromatin fibers condense into visible chromosomes
o Nucleolus disappears
o Nuclear envelope (membrane) breaks down
• In cytoplasm, mitotic spindle starts to form
o Chromosomes attach to spindle at their centromeres
o Spindle pulls chromosomes toward center of cell |
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• Chromosomes gather in plane across middle of cell
• Mitotic spindle fully formed
• All chromosomes attached to spindle by centromeres and lined up in center of cell |
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• Sister chromatids separate (each chromatid is now called a daughter chromosome)
• Proteins at centromeres help move daughter chromosomes along the spindle toward the poles (microtubules shorten to “reel in” chromosomes)
• Microtubules not attached to chromosomes lengthen to push poles farther apart |
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• Chromosomes reach spindle poles
• Prophase reversed {spindle disappears, two nuclear envelopes reform (one for each set of genetic material), chromosomes uncoil and become chromatin again, nucleoli reappear} |
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| uncontrolled division of cells |
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| a type of cell division that produces four cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Sexual reproduction depends on meiosis. Meiosis only occurs in specialized cells. |
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| o Each homologue contains the same loci (singular = locus) for various genes but maybe different forms of the genes (alleles) |
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| All cells come from cells |
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| • The division of cells into more cells enables living things to repair damage, to grow, and to produce offspring. |
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| the process by which a single cell or group of cells each duplicates its genetic material and then splits into two new genetically identical cells. |
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| the process by which two parent organisms combine their genetic material by joining sex cells (ex. sperm and egg); it results in the production of 1 or more genetically unique cells |
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| genetic material in the form of very long, thin fibers that are a combination of DNA and protein and not visible under a normal microscope. |
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| condensed visible chromatin and appear as the cell prepares to divide. |
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| A chromosome duplicates and becomes two sister chromatids. Sister chromatids are joined by a protein structure called a centromere |
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| Cell division occurs as part of an orderly sequence of events |
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| the chromosomes that determine if an organism is male or female. XX = female, XY = male |
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| one that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes and is abbreviated 2n |
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| occurs when the nucleus of a sperm (n) fuses with the nucleus of an egg (n) and results in a zygote (2n). |
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| There are TWO major differences between mitosis and meiosis |
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1. Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells; mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells.
2. Meiosis involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. Mitosis does not. |
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| a process in which sister chromatids exchange genetic material during Prophase I of Meiosis |
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| the new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over. |
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