sublingal

parotid

submandibular

99.5% water and 0.5% solutes which are: sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate ,and phosphate. Immunoglobulin A, the enzyme lysozyme, and salvalary anaylase.

found in saliva

enzyme that starts the breakdown of startch

Bicarbonate and phosphate ions- buffer the acidic food.

found in saliva

prevents attachment of microbes so they can’t enter the epithilum of the digestive tract.

found in saliva

kills bacteria

secretion of saliva. Controlled by autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic promotes secretion and the amount secreted. Sympathetic stimulation decreases salivation.

an accessory organ, made of skeletal muscle and mucus membrane, 2 types of mucles:

extrensic

intrensic

Holds tongue to floor of mouth to limit posterior movement, aka stops you from swallowing tongue.

lamina procrea covered by stratisfied squamous epithelium. They contain taste buds and receptors for taste and touch, as well as create friction on the food.

the crown is the visual portion above the gums.

·      are called gingival

soft flexible mass of chewed food that will be swallowed.

done by 2 enzymes

• salivary amylase
• lingual lipase
  

composed of skeletal muscles and lined with mucus membrane, the skeletal muscle moves the food to the esophagus. Consist of 3 parts:

nasopharynx

oropharynx

laryngopharnx

collapsible posterior tube, close to the non keratinized stratified squamous, areolar CT, and smooth muscle

regulates the movement of food from pharynx into esophagus

regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach

connects the esophagus and duodenum.

·      storage and mixing chamber for food as out eating rate is much greater than our digestion and absorption rate.

o   Food is moved into the duodenum in intervals

o   Digestion of starch continues here(starts in mouth)

o   Digestion of proteins and trigylicerides begins here.

o   mucosa

o   submucosa

o   muscularis

o   serosa

1. surface mucus
2. neck mucus cells
3. periatal cells
4. cheif cells
5. g cells

o   secrete mucus to keep it wet. They are on the surface of the pits

o   secretes the hormone gastrin, which stimulates all gastric activity

o   .

2 ways the stomach works mixing waves and gastric empting

(stomach)

·      secretions are stimulated by parasympathetic neurons, gastron hormones, and histamine. The HCL functions to make the stomach contents very acidic which kills microbes.

(stomach)

·      protein digesting enzyme in the stomach and it starts protein digestion and only becomes activated in the presence of HCL acid.

(stomach)

splits triglycerides into fatty acids. Very little absorbtion of nutrients are absorbed in the stomache, a few that are include water, ions, alcholol, drugs like asprin.

part of the accessory digestive system and helps digestion in the small intestine.

3 parts:

1. head
2. body
3. tail

2 major ones connect to duodenum and dump pancreatic juices into the stomach.

1. pancreatic duct
2. accesory duct

• clear, colorless liquid.

• consist mostly of water, salt, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes.

• slightly alkaline at a ph of 7.1-8.2.

·      it digest starch and carbs

heavies gland in the body, weighs about 3 lbs

3 components:

1. hepatocyte
2. bile canalculi
3. hepatic sinusoids

·      principle bile pigment. Formed when rbc are phagocitized the iron and globin are recycled. The bilirubin is secreted into the bile and broken down in the intestines. This is what gives our color to our feces.

1. carbohydrate metabolism
2. lipid metabolism
3. protein metabolism
4. processes drugs and hormones
5. extretion of billirubin
6. synthesis of bile salts
7. storage
8. phagocytosis
9. activation of vit D

                                i.     stores triglycerides.

                              ii.     Synthesizes cholesterol.

                            iii.     Makes lipoproteins for transport

                                i.     will remove amino acids for atp production

                              ii.     most importantly it converts toxic ammonia to urea, urea is eliminated in the urine.

                            iii.     synthesis most of plasma proteins

                                i.     detoxifies alcohol and drugs into the bile

                              ii.     will alter and excrete thyroid and steroid hormones.