larynx, trachea, and lungs

·      visable portion made of bone, hyline cartilage, skin, and mucus membrane.

o   Nostrils – external opening

throat. Tube that strats at the back of the nasal cavity and ends at the cricoid cartilage, the walls are made of skeletal muscle and mucus membrane. The function is a passage way for air and food and provides a resignating chamber for speech sounds. Tonsils are found here.

1. nasoparynx
2. oropharynx
3. larygopharnx

the voice box. Short passage way that connects the laryngopharnx with the trachea it is made of 9 pieces of cartilage 3 single pieces and 3 paired pieces.

1. arytenoid cartilage
2. throid cartilage
3. epiglottis
4. glottis
5. cricoid cartilage

o   The lining of the larynx is made of nonkeratinized  stratisfied squamous epithelium above vocal cords and Below the vocal folds and psuedostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cell

1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. hyaline cartilae
4. adventitia

o   areolar connective tissue

one bronchi for each lobe of the lung

branches from the secondary numerous times.

continue dividing, getting smaller and smaller.

Smallest and last and joint with the aveoli

 smooth muscle encircle the lumen of terminal bronchi and asthma will cause spasms to this smooth muscle, closing airway, closing the airway

o   Sympathetic stimulation releases epinephrine and norepinephrine causing smooth muscle relaxation which dilates your bronchioles

o   Parasympathetic and allergic reactions such as histome cause contraction of the contraction of the smooth muscle which constricts the airway.

parietal pleura - superficial

Visceral pleura - deep

1. type I alveolar cells
2. type II aveolar cells

simple squamous cells and are main site for gas exchange.

breathing. Breathing is the combination and exhalation of air and involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs. Pressure differences between the atmosphere and lungs cause air flow. When atmospheric pressure is higher than lungs pressure will move in, and vice versa.

the act of breathing in, for it to occur the lungs must be able to expand, increasing the lung space thus decreasing the pressure in the lungs compared to the outside atmosphere. Expansion is done by contracting diaphragm and external intercostals. The diaphragm contracting is the most important muscle for inhalation. Inhalation is considered an active process due to the fact that muscles are contracting.

·      Atmospheric pressure is 760 when at rest the lungs are 760 as well when we contract the lungs the pressure changes to 758.

the act of breathing out, where the pressure in the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure. This is a passive process because no muscular contractions are needed. The increased pressure results from elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall after being stretched. forced exhalation involves muscle contraction of our abdominals and internal intercostals. Pressure goes from 758 to 762 on exhalation.

·      Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation (3)-

1. surface tension
2. compliance
3. air resistance

·      each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure. This pressure for each gas is called partial pressure.  Atmospheric pressure has more pressure because it has more than one gas. Atmosphere is made up of Nitrogen, oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, and other small gases. All of those gases together equals 760 and each of those have their own pressure. The partial pressures determine the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and lungs & the lungs and the blood & and the blood and cells. Gases move from a high concentration to a low and the greater the difference between the 2 pressures the faster the exchange.

1. partial pressure
2. surface area available for exchange
3. diffusion distance
4. molecular weight solubility

                              1.     if swelling occurs in lungs it increases the distance between blood and avioli and makes it difficult to exchange.

 in order to get carbon dioxide out of the cells and into the lungs it will travel in any of these 3 ways.

1.   directly dissolves in plasma in blood. 7% is this way

2.   in red blood cells – 23% goes into the rbc and is transported

3.   bicarbonate ion- 70 %

cluster of neurons in the medulla and ponds that send impulses for contraction. 3 Areas:

1. Medullary rhythmicity area
2. pneumotaxic area
3. apneustic area
   

1. cortical influences
2. chemoreceptors
3. proprioceptor stimulation
4. inflation reflex

joint movement sending signals to the respiratory center.

1. lymbic system
2. temperature
3. pain

§  warming, moistening, filtering incoming air

§  detect olfactory stimuli (smell)

§  modify speech vibrations

• passage way for air and food
• resignating chamber for speech shounds
• tonsils located here

psuedostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

avioli 105

blood 40

avioli 40

blood 45

capillaries 100

cell 40

capillaries 40

cell 45