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| when your body adjust to stuff |
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| substances recognized as foreign an promotes a response. these cells can remember an encounter. Antigen is short for antibody reactor. |
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o cells and tissues that carry out immune response |
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| maturation of t cells and b cells |
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Definition
| T cells mature in the thymus. B cell mature in bone marrow. After maturation they are sent out into the body. Once mature they go out into lymphnodes, lmph nodules, spleen and so on. |
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ability to carry out an immune response.
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they are lymphocytes so if they are lower when the over all lymphocyte count is low.2 types:cytotoxic t cells and helper t cells
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cd4
HIV effects helper t cells |
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| 2 types of adaptive immunity |
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Definition
- cell mediated immunity
- antibody mediated immunity
*both are triggered by the presence of antigens |
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Definition
· where cytotoxic T cells directly attack an invading antigen. They will leave and go out and destroy whatever is invading the body.
o Effective against 3 things
1. intracellular pathogens(pathogens in the cell) ex. virus, bacteria, and fungus
2. Also effective against cancer cells
3. Foreign tissue transplants
o It is ALWAYS one cell attacking another cell |
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| 3 things that cell mediated immunity is effective against |
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Definition
1. intracellular pathogens(pathogens in the cell) ex. virus, bacteria, and fungus
2. Also effective against cancer cells
3. Foreign tissue transplants |
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Term
| anitbody mediated immunity |
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Definition
· where B cells transform and make specific proteins called antibodies. Antibodies is another term for aminoglobulins. B cells will turn into plasma cells and the the plasma cells will make antiobodies. Most antibodies just bind to things to let the body know it needs to be destroyed it isn’t usually the one doing the destroying. Occurs
o Effective against extracellular pathogens(pathogens in interstitial fluid, not in the actual cells) |
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| what type of immunity does helper t cells aid in? |
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the process by which lymphocytes divide and differentiate in response to a specific antigen. This process forms a population of cells that can recognize the same antigen. It occurs in secondary lymphatic organs and tissues. It is the cause for swollen nodes and tonsils. |
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| cloned cells that carry out the immune response. They do the fighting. They will die after the response has been completed. |
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| cloned cells that remember the first encounter their able to recongnize the antigen quicker and create a swifter reaction to the antigen. These cells can last decades. |
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| what happens after an effector cell goes out and fights off a virus verses memory cells. |
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Definition
| effoctor cells die off and memory cells do not they stay in the body and fight off the virus if you ever come in contact with it again. |
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| ability to provoke an immune response by stimulating production of antibodies or t cells. |
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| ability of the antigen to react with antibodies and cells it provokes |
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certain parts of an antigen that trigger the immune response. Most antigens have many epitopes. Parts or whole microbes may act as antigens causing an immune response. Amazingly the human immune system can recognize a billion different epitopes. |
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Term
| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
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Definition
| self antigen located in the plasma membrane of the bodies cells, these are glycoprotiens that make up the surface of your bodies cells. They help t cells recognize the antigen as foreign. The main function is to help t cells recognize that an antigen is foreign and it binds the antigen to t cells so it can recognize it. |
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| how cell mediated immunity works |
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Definition
| the response begins with activation of T cells by an antigen that has been presented. Once t cells are activated they undergo clonal selection the cloned cells carry out the immune response and eliminate the antigen. |
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most of our t cells are inactive until they bind to the antigen. |
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| cell surface receptors that recognize and bind to the foreign antigen. When the antigen activates the t cell clonal selection will form helper t cells and cytotoxic t cells. |
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stimulate the immune response by stimulating the production of memory t cells and cytotoxic t cells. |
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| soldiers that do battle with foreign invators these cells leave secondary lymphatic organs and tissue and migrate to destroy the infected target cell, cancer cell, or transplanted cell. They have receptors specific for a particular microbe and kill only infected cells with that one type of microbe |
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| elimination of invaders mechanisms (2) |
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Definition
· the t cells bind to the infected cells then release grandzymes(protein digesting enzymes) they trigger apoptosis in the infected cell. Once the cell is destroyed the microbes will be killed by phagocytosis
· the t cell binds to infected cell and release 2 types of proteins: granulysin and perforin.
o Perorin- creates holes in cell membrane causing it to burst
o Granulysin- enters the microbe itself and destroys it |
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| how antibody mediated immunity works |
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Definition
| in the presence of a foreign antigen specific b cells become activated. Clonal selections occurs forming plasma cells and memory cells. |
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| occurs when antigens bind. activation of b cells bind to the same cell that presents to t cells presents to b cells(helper cells) |
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| plasma cells in antibody mediated immunity |
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Definition
secrete antibodies for about 4 or 5 days. Antibodies travel in the blood and lymph to invasion sight |
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long living cells that can change into plasma cells when the antigen reapairs
* b cells secrete one antibody for one antigen. |
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| protein that combine with the epitope on the antigen and they disable the antigen in 5 different ways |
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| 5 actions antibodies use to disable antigen |
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Definition
1. prevents the bacteria or virus from attaching to body cells
2. immobilizing the antigen- disable cilia or flagella to reduce movement
3. aglutinizing parcipitating– clump cells together making it easier for phagocytosis
4. activating complement – antibody destroys antigen by phagocytosis and inflammation
5. inhancing phagocytosis- increasing recognition and agglutination. |
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Definition
| first immunoglobulin to respond to a recent invader |
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| immunoglobulin that is in greater amounts during the second response to the same antigen |
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| elimination of invaders (cell mediated) using protein digesting enzyme |
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Definition
| grandzymes are realeased after t cells bind to infected cell, this triggers apoptosis, once the cell is destroyed microbes will be killed by phagocytosis |
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| elimination of invader mechinism with the release of 2 proteins |
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Definition
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| creates holes in the cell membrane causing it to burst |
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| enters the microbe itself and destroyes it |
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